Original Article
ELAHEH OMATII; Amir Reza Asnafi; Sayed Javad Ghazi Mirsaeed
Abstract
AbstractBackground and Objectives: Websites are suitable tools for interaction among organizations and citizens. So, the main goal of each efficient website must be presenting high-quality information. embassies' websites should have high quality and interaction with each other so that effective information ...
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AbstractBackground and Objectives: Websites are suitable tools for interaction among organizations and citizens. So, the main goal of each efficient website must be presenting high-quality information. embassies' websites should have high quality and interaction with each other so that effective information and communication channel is established between embassies' websites and their visitors. Quality Criteria of Website Quality Evaluation Tool include Content, Performance, Credibility, UpDating, Links, Graphics, Scope, Structure, and use of MetaTags. On the other hand, given that the embassies' websites have thematic and content subscriptions, the links between the websites will play an important role in the visibility of the websites. Determining the current status of the quality of the websites of Iranian embassies has led to the identification of their strengths and weaknesses and can be a way to a more successful and useful presence in cyberspace for visitors to use the content of the websites. The aim of this study was to determine embassies' websites status in terms of quality of embassies' websites and drawing their link network relationship.Methodology: This study is an applied work, which was carried through surveys and webometric methods. The population consisted of 145 embassies' websites. Evaluations were done using the Website Quality Evaluation Tool and Webometric Analyst software. In this study, face validity was used to determine the validity, so that experts and professors in the field of website quality evaluation and mapping of network relations were consulted. Also, the reliability of the current measuring instrument was 95% of Cronbach's alpha, which showed very high reliability. The collected data were analyzed using Quality grade formula and descriptive statistics.Step 1: Website Quality Assessment tool (WQAT) is used. Using this tool, each site is evaluated based on a checklist of website quality assessment tools. 9 criteria (Content, Performance, Credibility, UpDating, Links, Graphics, Scope, Structure, and use of MetaTags) and 38 components or features (37 components of a website quality assessment tool with a question asked by researchers) on websites Were investigated.Step 2: The data collection tool in the second step was the free Webometric Analyst 2.0 software. First, the program is loaded from the LexiURL browser, Link Network Diagram option, In the second step, a text file with the names of the domains or URLs in each row was created using Notepad Windows with a similar text program. The browser starts the data collection phase and after a few minutes to half an hour, a report will be presented in the form of a set of pages.Findings: The results of the findings showed that Out of the 145 studied embassies' websites, 131 embassies' websites had ranked as high-quality and reliable websites and 14 embassies' websites were ranked as websites with very good quality. The highest rankings in the High-Quality Score included the Libyan Embassy - Tripoli (82), followed by Hungary - Budapest (80) and India - The Hague (80). The lowest quality was related to the website of the Embassy of Afghanistan - Jalalabad. In examining the status of embassies' websites based on content criteria, most websites were in average poor condition (93.69), and the status of most embassies' websites in terms of performance criteria was very average (64.25). In terms of Credibility, embassies' websites are very weak (38.62), very strong (26.37), weak (18.79), moderately weak (8.44), very average (5.51), strong (24/2), respectively. In terms of UpDating, the websites of the embassies were very average (49.65), very poor (46.37), weak (3.27), and moderately weak (0.68), respectively. In the survey based on Links, the websites of the embassies were moderately weak (94.25) and weak (5.74), respectively. In the Graphical survey, the status of most embassies' websites was very average (80.91). In the Domain-Based survey, the majority of embassies' websites were moderately weak (66.66). In terms of Structure, embassies' websites were moderately weak (99.65) and weak (0.34), respectively. In the survey based on the MetaTags feature, the embassies' websites were in very poor (95.86) and excellent (4.13) positions, respectively. Moreover, in inspecting embassies' websites using Webometric Analyst software, no link network relationship was found between the embassies' websites Based on interaction and communication links together.Discussion: In general, recommended that designers of these websites focus on quality criteria as well as their link network of relationships. Since the embassies' websites are an important source of information for many people, the issue of quality and their network relationships is very important. In general, the research results showed that web designers have, to some extent, paid attention to website quality criteria (Content, Performance, Credibility, UpDating, Links, Graphics, Scope, Structure, and use of MetaTags), but paid no attention to establishing network relationship.
Original Article
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The present study aimed at investigation the educational needs of librarians with the focus on general and technical job needsMethodology: Research method was practical in terms of purpose, and the data collection procedure was descriptive. The research setting was all the ...
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Background and Objectives: The present study aimed at investigation the educational needs of librarians with the focus on general and technical job needsMethodology: Research method was practical in terms of purpose, and the data collection procedure was descriptive. The research setting was all the public libraries of Shiraz. Data was collected through the use of questionnaire filled by 100 librarians.Data was analyzed descriptively and analytically by the employment of SPSS 22 to investigate the research questions analytically. One sample T-Test, Friedman Test and One-Way Annona were employedFindings: Results of the study indicated that while the highest educational needs of librarians were related to the career empowerment and advancement skills, the lowest educational needs were related to ICT skills and human resource management skill. Moreover, results demonstrated that gender and educational level can make difference in educational needs.Discussion: Librarians of public libraries require the permanent educational courses in both general and technical skills. For improving the knowledge and skill of those practitioners not only technical needs but also general needs should be taken into consideration.
Original Article
Elahe Bahmaee; Mohammad Reza Farhadpoor
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The advent of World Wide Web (WWW) in 1990s that was followed by emergence of a large number of web pages made using of automatic information retrieval systems necessary. The first web search engine with a capability of full text search was developed by Brian Pinkerton in the ...
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Background and Objectives: The advent of World Wide Web (WWW) in 1990s that was followed by emergence of a large number of web pages made using of automatic information retrieval systems necessary. The first web search engine with a capability of full text search was developed by Brian Pinkerton in the Washington University. The Web Crawler was able to index the plain texts and allowed the users to search the expressions on the internet. Later, the Lycos, Infoseek in 1994, Excite and Yahoo in 1995 Inktomi in 1996, Google in Sep. 1997 (Gross, 2015), M.S.N and Overture (Sahu, Mahapatra and Balabantaray, 2016) were emerged to overcome the complexity resulted from a surge in the information within the web. According to Wu and Lee (2004), the services delivering by web search play a significant role for those users who seek to elicit information sources to meet their needs which had not been available for them before. Today, the search engines are recognized as an access pass to a huge size of information on the internet, providing the services and tools tomeet a variety of users' information requirements. For this reason, the evaluation of efficiency and performance of search engines is very important because it is necessary for developers and users. (Azimzadeh, Badie and Esnaashari, 2016). As far as Mc Carthy (2006: quoted in Ewans, 2007) claims, a vast majority of the people visiting the web sites access to the webpages or contents of interest through search engines rather than link directly from other pages.The search engine is a software by which the users search the needed various information on the internet as well as retrieval of related outcomes (Mivule, 2017). Craft, Metzler and Strohman (2015) define a search engine as a practical use of techniques retrieving information within the large scale text sets that with different forms reflect those capabilities for whichthey are designed purposely. On the other word, the search engines are the programs that are employing to find the documents matched to the specific keywords on the WWW setting and retrieve a list of documents containing the searched keywords (Khorsheed, Madbouly and Guirguis, 2015). According to Craft, et. al (2015) the capabilities of recovering information are dramatically involving in the structured multimedia documents, meaningful textual contents and other media, relevance, evaluation, information needs, the effective ranking algorithms and interaction with the users, what are still concerned the researchers investigating in retrieval of information. From Ali, Jhandir, Lee, On and Choi (2017) viewpoints, while the data performance for internet acts a s a fuel to back running it, its extensiveness has caused much problems for the users.While the degree of the users' confidence to the search engines and relying on it to display authentic outcomes is questionable, providing suitable, relevant, and high quality information for the users using webpages contents and links between pages is a big challenge for service providers (the search engines). It is while Xu, Wang and Goh (1998) believe that the numerous search engines have been developed to give technically better performance. It indicates that there has been lack of expected qualitative features fromusers 'viewpoints.Given that in the various studies a few and mostly specific measures such as precision and recall have been considered, on the basis of this assumption that a relevant document collection is ever the same without involvement of user, in the present study the relative precision, relative recall, F-number, coverage ratio, freshness ratio, the expected search ratio and failure are investigated as a set of measures evaluating the retrieval efficiency of the search engines in the information and knowledge domain. Therefore, the primary purpose of this study is to determine the retrieval efficiency of the five search engines given the indicators of interest. Meanwhile, the secondary purpose of this article is to identify the retrieval efficiency of the search engines based on such indicators as the relative precision, relative recall, F-number, coverage ratio, freshness ratio, the expected search ratio and failure. The main question is that in this domain how the web search engines operate efficiently to retrieve the information.Methodology: The present study in term of target is applied one and is descriptive in term of survey method. By taking into account the search function and search term as identical condition (the query AND pdf), the authors have evaluated the efficiency of the search engines based on what is observed in the retrieval results. To measure the variables, several formulas related to relative precision, relative recall, F-number, coverage ratio, freshness ratio, the expected search ratio and failure have been used. Alexa-based ranking, this study also investigates such search engines as Google, Bing,Yahoo, Ask and AOL as the most commonly used search engines. In this research, the data was collected through library studies, in order to write a research literature, checklists and through direct observation of the searched outcomes. For this purpose, based on article, Top Trends in Academic Libraries2106, published in the SAGE database, Collage Research Libraries journal, the new domains and future subfields in the information science were determined in 15 terms/ keywords. Then, the 15 terms/keywords were analyzed and to determine the search keywords they were assigned to 20 experts of the field to give a weighted score in order to be placed in the list of this study by a value given to them. Then, 5 keywords with higher weights were selected for searching. The 5 keywords were individually assigned to the 5 search engines each. In the next stage, out of total retrieved outcomes of each search engine for each keyword, 50 documents were placed on the top of the list to evaluate the retrieval efficiency measures in the researcher-made collection. In order to distinguish relevance of documents, according to Zhang, Xu, Wang and Lee (2006)'recommendations, the keyword iteration in the documents, abstracts and their keywords was considered as a measure. To assess the reliability of retrieved results, the retest method was used. For this purpose, over two phases, at 15-day interval (winter 2017) the search and retrieval were conducted again. The correlation results of the two experiments were tested and confirmed at the R=0.89. To analyze the data, the Excel 2013 was employed.Findings: The results showed that the search engines of Google, Ask and Yahoo are of better performance than the other search engines in term of relative precision, relative recall, F-number harmonic mean and failure criterion; the expected search coefficient indicators and freshness ratio; coverage ratio respectively. However, in spite of the results obtained for the study search engines based on the different indicators, in general they are not in ideal situation where in most cases they are lower than the average. Given that in the previously studied search engines, the scientific domain and indicators of efficiency were different than the present one and they have focused mostly on the relative precision and relative recall, it is not possible to compare all the findings. However, the findings from the present study based on indicator of relative precision are consistent with that of studies of Shafi and Rader (2005), Ali and Gole (2016) and on the recall with that of Janson and Molina (2006), Kumar and Prakash (2009), Wang et. Al (2012), Ali and Gole (2016) and on the indicator of coverage ratio with that of Mohammad Ismael and Mansoor Kiakie (2011), Esfandyari Moghaddam (2012) and Janson and Molina (2006).Discussion: It can be concluded that in spite of the search engines have been gained a score and ranked in this study but they are still far from ideals. It follows that the challenges related to evaluation of information retrieval efficiency, despite of using different search engines, implementation of various strategies and different ranking algorithms and methods of document indexing, has to be yet removed and they need more studies. It should be noted that the comparison of the results from this study with some prior findings indicates that neither of search engines can alone meet the required efficiency indicators. Thus, given the different indicators the users have to assign their queries to the search engines. On the one hand, designing the specific search engines with regard to diversity, extent and lexical relationship in the different domains of sciences is very necessary. On the other hand, it is the time to use various patterns such as visual searching, using multilingual thesaurus, retrieving based on weighed indexing in the interface of both specific and general search engines.
Original Article
Ali Hossein Ghasemi; Sayed Javad Ghazi Mirsaeed; Zivar Sabaghi Nejad; amal saki malehi; Maryam Zahedian
Abstract
Background and Objectives: This research is aimed at determining the required factors essential for “acquisitions and collection development” section of Library software in the Iranian Medical Sciences Libraries. Using software in the acquisitions section prompts expedition and precision ...
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Background and Objectives: This research is aimed at determining the required factors essential for “acquisitions and collection development” section of Library software in the Iranian Medical Sciences Libraries. Using software in the acquisitions section prompts expedition and precision in the performance of recurrent and time-consuming library functions. In addition, it further facilitates the interaction among librarians, publishers and end users. Therefore, using library software is an essential requirement for the management of the library collection. In the meantime, it should be noted that the use of acquisitions and collection development section of the library software is still far from being widespread. This could result from different reasons like, the experts’ lack of familiarity with proper models of selecting efficient library software, as well as the lack of compatibility between the available software’s specifications and the library’s requirements related to acquisitions and collection development. Identifying the due components and elements relevant to the library needs and also evaluating the available library software could help to resolve this issue. Therefore, this paper, examining the technical views of the experts in acquisitions departments identifies the elements worth-considering in acquisitions and collection development section of a library software, meant to be used in the libraries of medical sciences all over the country; then, the selected software (Azarsaa, Mavaa and Sanaa2.0) are comparatively examined to determine if they contain these elements and if yes, how much.Methodology: current research is of survey type, conducted by using a researcher-made questionnaire and a checklist. The questionnaire comprised of 210 questions, in the form of 38 primary features and 172 secondary features, grouped under 9 elements (general capabilities, searching for resources, acquisition of resources, broker and publisher, budget, invoices, following-up for resources, registering resources, and management). The questionnaire’s coefficient of reliability was determined (at 0.977) by Cronbach’s Alpha. The checklist was also prepared based on the questionnaire and its conceptual validity was confirmed by the experts. The analysis of the gathered data was done by SPSS V.23. Statistical population of this research had two sections: three selected library software, and 53 people including all the staff responsible at acquisitions and collection development departments of the central library of the country’s Medical Sciences Universities. Out of 53 distributed questionnaires, 51 (96.23 %) were completed and returned to the researcher. Questionnaire and checklist were used to determine the essential elements studied in the research and to evaluate the studied library software, respectively.Findings: The gathered data indicated that 24 libraries (45.3 %) had a section of “acquisitions and collection development” in the software they used. The software used included Azarsaa (16 libraries), Sanaa 2.0 (4 libraries), Koha (3 libraries) and Mavaa (1 library). 96.1 % of the staff at acquisitions and collection development departments believed that it is essential to have a section for their departments in the utilized software. These experts stated that almost all 9 studied elements are of high importance. In the meantime, out the 9 introduced elements, “invoice” scored 4.37 and was placed highest in ranking while “general capabilities” scored 4.21 and was placed at the bottom of the ranking. Out of the total points of 173 which was considered for “acquisitions and collection development” section of a library software, Azarsaa scored 139 (80.34 %) as the highest ranking software; Sana 2.0 (with 58 points equal to 33.52%) and Mava got second and third places respectively.Discussion: Based on the research findings, 38 primaries and 172 secondary features grouped under 9 major elements, were studied. According to the concerned experts, all the elements are almost of the same importance and they are all significant for the purpose of acquisitions. Selection “invoice” as of a high-importance element and noticing its features (including “registration of invoices”, “following up with invoices”, and “automatic calculation of invoices”) indicate that performing financial functions by a software has become more important- than ever- for the experts. Since “acquisitions and collection development” section is part of a library software and considering that “general capabilities” is actually an essential and inevitable part of any software, its being placed on the lowest place of the ranking could be attributed to the fact that other elements are specifically related to the process of “acquisitions and collection development” and hence they have been more interesting for the experts. Therefore, apart from “general capabilities” element which naturally should be available in all library software, we can propose that “acquisitions and collection development” section of each library software should contain at least 8 elements with 32 primaries and 118 secondary features. It is obvious that these elements and features are subject to change or addition by technological advancements, as well as new needs and requirements by libraries and information centers.
Original Article
kobra raufi; Nosrat Riahinia; Abdorrahim Navehebrahim
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In this research, we are going to investigate the relation between the performances of academic libraries Managers and their effects on librarians' burnout.
Methodology: Methodology is of correlative descriptive research method and statistical society (population) includes ...
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Background and Objectives: In this research, we are going to investigate the relation between the performances of academic libraries Managers and their effects on librarians' burnout.
Methodology: Methodology is of correlative descriptive research method and statistical society (population) includes 600 people form the whole librarians of ten academic libraries in Tehran under supervision of Ministry of Science, Research and Technology. The sample was 304 people and 234 people rejected the inquiries. This research conducted using a questionnaire to gather necessary data.Two kinds of questionnaire, Moslesh' standard burnout questionnaire and researcher made questionnaire of managers' performance have been used.
Findings: The analysis of gathered data has been done by means of SPSS 19. Pearson correlation test and multiple variables regression analysis were used to investigate the relations between variables. Significant coefficient showed that, at 99% confidence level, there is negative significant relation between the performance of academic libraries managers and librarian burnout. That is, the more the performance of libraries manager improve, the less will be the librarians' burnout. Also, significant correlation showed that there is statistical significant negative relation between the dimensions of managers' performance and librarians' burnout, in 99% of confidence level.
Discussion: Among the dimensions of managers' performance, just managers' problem solving abilities is able to predict the dependent variable (burnout).
Original Article
saleh rahimi; sara bahrami
Abstract
Background and Objectives: One of the topics that has attracted the attention of many educators in recent decades is cooperative learning and ways to promote it among learners. Cooperative learning has been used in a variety of fields, from science to education and from business to medicine. And it has ...
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Background and Objectives: One of the topics that has attracted the attention of many educators in recent decades is cooperative learning and ways to promote it among learners. Cooperative learning has been used in a variety of fields, from science to education and from business to medicine. And it has been determined that this area is of interest to researchers (Nausheen, Alvi and Munir 2013). In this study, we examined the Self-control and mental well-being of knowledge and information science students (future librarians), to understand how to effect their participation in learning and teaching them and enhance their ability to improve their performance? And is there any significant relationship between the above features of knowledge and information science students in the development of learning and teaching through participation? Students who are more compatible and with a sense of satisfaction in the community, are more active in the class or with their friends? Are the Cooperative learning environment effects in increasing the level of compatibility, satisfaction and happiness of students? Will self- control and well-being enable the student to try to learn more?
The results of this study can help university officials and academic instructors by discovering students' perceptions of class participation and, as well as identifying and eliminating factors that hinder their participation in the classroom. And also, according to the benefits of learning development through partnerships and motivational factors that may improve their classroom participation, so the level of learning in students upgraded. Therefore, the main purpose of this study is to determine the relationship between the development of learning experience through class participation and self-control and well-being of students of knowledge and information science of Razi University.
Methodology: The present study is a correlation type and conducted in a survey method. The statistical population of the study consisted of all undergraduate and postgraduate students of knowledge and information science in Razi University in the academic year 2016-2017, a total of 120 people. The sample size was 92 according to the Cochran formula. But, for the sake of more precision and considering this fact that the size of the sample size is closer to to the research population, the results are more accurate and generalizable to the whole research population. To collect data, using simple random sampling method, 110 questionnaires were distributed among students. Of these distributed questionnaires, 100 questionnaires were returned and analyzed. Two standard questionnaires were used to collect data. The first questionnaire to measure the development of learning through the participation of students was from Shahin Majid (2010), which contains 54 questions of five options. The second questionnaire was to measure the self-control and student's well-being status, which was designed by Tangji et al. (2004). It contains 41 questions of five options. Data were analysized using descriptive and inferential statistics with the SPSS software.
Findings: Analyzing the data of this research, the findings show that the mean of self-control and well-being from the point of view of students of knowledge and information science is higher than average and in good condition. The highest mean for welfare status (4.7) and the lowest mean was related to self-control (3.85). From the perspective of the sample examined, the status of learning development through classroom participation and its dimensions were more than average and at the optimal level. The highest mean was for the effect of linguistic ability and class participation (4.18) and the lowest mean was related to barriers of participation in the classroom (2.84).
Correlation coefficient between learning through class participation and self-control of students of knowledge and information science of Razi University showed, between cooperative learning and self-control of students, there is a significant relationship. In other words, self-awareness and informed choices can increase student learning. maybe the reason for this relationship is explained so that self-management using appropriate strategies and build confidence, as well as through the control of negative internal emotions like students stress and anxiety, help them adapt and coordinate calmly with the environment, and show more willing to participate in group activities, that would make it rise participation in discussions and the process of learning and teaching in the classroom and thus increase the level of learning in the students. There is a significance relationship among dimensions of the reasons for participation, benefits of participation, nature of the lesson, understanding participation by classmates and class combination with student’s self-control. In explaining this, we can say that students with higher self-control due to greater environmental compatibility by listening, taking note, observation, participation and questions and answers by their classmate, raise their level of knowledge and learning. Correlation coefficient between learning development through class participation and well-being of students of knowledge and information science at Razi University showed that there is a significant positive relationship between cooperative learning and well-being of students. In other words, perhaps it could be explained that students with a higher level of well-being, because of positive emotional feelings and sense of satisfaction with their circumstances, do more flexible behaviors, are more relaxed and consequently, they communicate more easily and participate more actively in the classroom. So, this leads to the development of their learning and academic achievement.
Discussion: Students who are involved in learning process are more comfortable, more satisfied and more responsible in classroom, So, this will increase the level of social skills, including compatibility and satisfaction among students. Therefore, effort for educational planning development to provide the appropriate conditions in the classroom for presenting group opinions and discussions in order to create a friendly and satisfactory environment for sharing knowledge between students inside and outside classroom is suggested. According to the results, it is suggested that in universities, the content of the courses is designed based on a group and active presentation method, as well as, the instructors also increase active participation and consequently the level of learning by training and preparing students for class participation.
Original Article
Ali Mansouri; Fatemeh Zarmehr; Marjan Kazemi
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Considering the importance of social capital, much effort has been made to quantify and measure social capital in organizations such as research and academic institutions and services (Nasr Esfahani, Ansari, Shamei and Agha Hosseini, 2011, p. 110). One of the methods for measuring ...
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Background and Objectives: Considering the importance of social capital, much effort has been made to quantify and measure social capital in organizations such as research and academic institutions and services (Nasr Esfahani, Ansari, Shamei and Agha Hosseini, 2011, p. 110). One of the methods for measuring social capital in research and service organizations is the analysis of the network of scientific cooperation and the study of the degree of coherence of the scientific cooperation network (Abbasi, Vigand and Hossein, 2014). In this regard, there are also two perspectives on social networking that describe the sources of social capital in the social structure. Coleman's theory (1988) has proved that social capital is essentially a result of cohesion that facilitates trust and cooperation among individuals. Another theory was raised by Barrett (1992) and created the creation of social capital through betweenness opportunities created by different nodes.The institution of public libraries of the country as a research and service organization and because of its relationship with the community and human factors can be_ with more social capital _more successfully go along with its missions in the society, and the social capital existing in the organization results in coherence and the coherence of the people inside the organization and facilitate the achievement of the goals of the organization; And since the determination of the amount of social capital of the public libraries of the country has not been accomplished through scientific cooperation within the organization, the present study examines the amount of social capital through the analysis of the network of scientific cooperation in the institution of public libraries of the country as an institution Research - Services.Methodology: The current research is applied and descriptive-exploratory. Using a social network analysis approach, the relationship between writers and institutions was studied in the form of scientific collaboration in the staff of the public libraries institution. In the analysis of the way employees collaborated, central social indicators were used according to the social network analysis approach. Centrality is a concept used for analyzing networks and has different types that are used based on the definition of the problem and the purpose of the research. But in general, centralization is used to identify and identify the most important actors in the network. The research population includes all the staff of the institution of libraries in the country that has scientific output and has been published in scientific publications or conferences and has been registered at the Research and Training Office of the Public Libraries of the country as their scientific record. The information in the form of a list of 1,460 scientific outputs from the Public Library Public Library Office of the country was received in Excel format, which was reduced to 1352 after clearing and removing duplicates. To analyze the data, the UCnet software and its complementary package, namely NetDraw, were used for the preparation of co-authorship matrices using Rawormatrix and Excel software.Findings: The findings of the research showed that the network coherence of the authorship of the staff of the Iranian public libraries is 0.01 which represents the maximum scientific communication among 1% of the staff of this organization. Also, according to the network analysis, in relation to each of the indicators of centrality of degree, betweenness and the closeness, the role of the staff of the institution of public libraries are only 35%, 20% and 25%, respectively.The results showed that the social capital resulting from the scientific collaboration within the organization is small because, given the low density of the network, which is equal to 0.01, the network has a low degree of cohesion and, therefore, relying on Coleman's theory that social capital essentially results from coherence, which facilitates trust and cooperation among individuals, it can be argued that social capital resulting from scientific cooperation in this organization is small. And with the results of Li et al (2013) and Costa (2014) is aligned. The most central and most contributing authors are Riahi, Pazoki, Sohbatiha, OJaghi, Saberi and Latifi, who have the highest degree of co-authorship. Highly central nodes, as they play an important role in conveying content and attracting new people to the network, are considered as social capital whose elimination reduces the structure of the social network and reduces its coherence (Erfanmanesh and Arshadi, 1394). Accordingly, it should be noted that the amount of social capital formed and the result of scientific cooperation among the 35% of the central and influential employees can be claimed to have been derived from the calculation of the degree centrality.Also, according to Barrett's (1992) theory of the formation of social capital from the betweenness opportunities created by different nodes, betweenness centrality is used as another indicator in determining the degree of cohesion and as a result of social capital and according to the results of the research, it can be concluded that the amount of social capital formed from this opportunity is the result of the activity of 20% of employees who have played a betweenness role.Discussion: In the context of the reasons for the limited scientific collaboration, the staff of the public libraries office, according to the results, should be said that most of the collaboration of the institution is the result of scientific cooperation with individuals outside the organization, especially the universities of their time of studying. As in the analysis of inter-organizational cooperation, the results also showed that the most scientific collaboration has been between the public libraries of Iran and the University of Isfahan. In justifying this, it can also be said that the experience of scientific cooperation in the period of study and the recognition and trust formed in the network of cooperation since that time has led to the subsequent publication of the same people. The research findings of Rahimi and Fattahi (2010) also showed that environmental, individual and process-based deterrence factors are effective in reducing the amount of scientific collaboration within the organization (Rahimi & Fatahi, 2010).Deterrent structural factors such as misunderstandings about the way of cooperation, and environmental deterrents such as lack of cooperative spirit in the organization, lack of funding of the budget, the climate of discrimination and lack of incentives, inhibitors such as reputational factors, differences in knowledge and experience and distrust and so on. In fact, mutual trust between individuals has been recognized as one of the most important factors affecting the level of scientific cooperation (same, 2010).
Original Article
Saba Sareminia; Alireza Hassanzadeh; Shaaban Elahi; Gholam Ali Montazer
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Knowledge is considered as a major strategic resource for the development of organizational competitive advantage. Effective knowledge management (KM) is essential to almost any organization. Regardless of its size or subject matter, an organization should use the knowledge ...
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Background and Objectives: Knowledge is considered as a major strategic resource for the development of organizational competitive advantage. Effective knowledge management (KM) is essential to almost any organization. Regardless of its size or subject matter, an organization should use the knowledge it possesses in the most effective way possible. But the implementation of KM is still challenging. One of the solutions for this challenge which is mentioned in KM literature is knowledge management road mapping. Roadmaps provide a graphical means for exploring and communicating the relationships among any types of knowledge in the organization. But knowledge management road mapping is a dynamic process and artifact which needs some technology-based instruments.
Methodology: In this study, an organizational ontology has developed a beneficiary systematic literature review according to Davis methodology for facilitating organizational knowledge road mapping. This methodology has five major steps: feasibility study, kick-off phase, refinement phase, evaluation phase, and maintenance and evolution phase.
Findings: The purpose of this article is to facilitate the organizational knowledge management road-mapping through focusing on “organizational knowledge ontology” content. Proposed “organizational knowledge ontology” has described in three phases: “feasibility and kick-off”, “refinement” and “evaluation”. In the first phase; organizational knowledge ontology, beneficiary systematic literature review presents five basic entities: “Environmental Drivers”, “Organizational Goals & Strategies”, “Business Processes & Tasks”, “Actors” and “Resources”. In the second phase, these entities have been studied and specified precisely based on the KM Road-mapping (a conceptual map of KM road mapping) and the object and data properties have defined. The conceptual map of KM Road-mapping has three basic concepts: “KM Strategy”, “KM Deliverables” and “KM Strategy Implementation” and the ontology has developed by linking these concepts. The name of the proposed ontology "STEP C+ Organizational Knowledge Ontology" has retrieved from defined data properties for knowledge blocks that are used for valuing them. In the third phase; some individuals and their data properties have been added to the presented ontology and a KM roadmap has been developed for the case study by the use of some queries in SPARQL Tab in protégé and their results.
Discussion: This study like other research has limitations and based on these limitations some research suggestions are advised. It's suggested that supplementary data gathering methods (such as; interview and focus group) are utilized for developing organizational knowledge ontology. In addition, based on the interpretive research limitations, it's preferred that this research will have been repeated by other researchers with diverse viewpoints.
It's recommended for generalizing the research findings; the proposed ontology (STEP C+ Organizational Knowledge Ontology) will have been applied in different projects with diverse types such as service or production projects, public or private projects, small or large projects, ….
It's suggested that the developed ontology be customized according to the influencing factors in developing countries.
Since road mapping is a time and cost-consuming process; maintaining its dynamics depends on continuous updating. Thereupon for facilitating and accelerating the road mapping process; it's recommended an integrated semantic information system (from knowledge registration by knowledge workers step to knowledge roadmap representation step) will have been developed; it's obvious that the proposed ontology could be part of this dynamic and semantic system. Attention to both “organizational knowledge road mapping” and “organizational ontology” contents; simultaneously, maybe less paid in practice than in theory. This research is trying to facilitate the strategic knowledge management process in the organization by combining these two concepts and by operating this combination, open a way to other researches. On the other hand, in this paper, by defining some criteria for valuing knowledge, Knowledge Management Assessment is facilitated.
Original Article
Scientometrics
Fatemeh Ahmadinasab; meysam javanbakht
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Words are the most important units of languages, means of communicating concepts, ideas, feelings, without words, we cannot talk about the objects, phenomena and concepts of the external and internal world. Words are the basic tools of thought, because they play a crucial role ...
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Background and Objectives: Words are the most important units of languages, means of communicating concepts, ideas, feelings, without words, we cannot talk about the objects, phenomena and concepts of the external and internal world. Words are the basic tools of thought, because they play a crucial role in the process of thinking. To think about the world and its phenomena, it is necessary to classify them based on similarities and differences. This classification is a kind of information organization represented in word formation. Along with the introduction and transfer of knowledge, technologies and new equipment’s into Iran, new scientific concepts and terminology enter into Persian. These scientific concepts and terminology will increase the number of borrowed words, direct or indirect; Indirect borrowed words are equivalents that may be appropriate or inappropriate for Persian. If the appropriate equivalents are made by the specialists of the area and in cooperation with linguists, they will more easily be accepted by the scientific society. But unfortunately, the problem is that these equivalents are sometimes made by non-specialists who are unfamiliar with linguistic problems, and therefore these new terms are not always appropriate.Methodology: In order to study Persian technical terms of the field, first, the main sources, books and articles were identified and examined by the quantitative content analysis method. The second stage of the research is descriptive and is carried out by studying and analyzing the rules of term coinage based on the Guidelines and Principles of Word formation by the Academy of Persian Language and Literature. The corpus of the study is comprised of all the papers and books in the field, compiled in the fourth edition of the Bibliography of scientometrics by Hamid Reza Jamali Mahmouei, as well as the most recent papers and books published in the field. In this research, sampling has been applied and those books and articles have been selected for review which focus on the basics and concepts. The reason is that in these sources more terms and concepts could be found. Finally, 5 books and 60 articles were studied. Overall, 605 terms were extracted. 180 terms out of these 605 terms were mentioned in only one of the sources, and since they were not found in other sources of research, there was no possibility of determining the degree of uniformity and consistency in the equivalents. However, it was possible that in other sources, different equivalents were used instead. Findings and results of the research largely reflect the present status of the technical terms of this field of knowledge. The statistical method used in this research is descriptive statistics.Findings: According to the statistics, 18% of the technical terms have more than one Persian equivalents, that is, one out of almost every six English terms in scientometrics. A closer look at the terms suggests that in some equivalents, in particular, the translation of proper names into Persian or, in other words, the transliteration of proper names has led into several different forms. However, some equivalents have been made through lexical borrowing, although they are phonetically and phonologically Persianized.The linguistic origins of improper equivalents are as follows:Using phrases instead of compound formsUsing prepositional phrases (PP)Not paying attention to the rule “the shortest form is the optimal form” in word formationIgnoring the vital role of affixes (Persian prefixes and suffixes) in forming Persian equivalentsNot paying attention to the important role of linguistic context and linguistic type on equivalent- finding.Not paying enough attention to the fine semantic differences and delicacies of technical terms and their Persian equivalents.Discussion: According to the findings, in the field of scientometrics, as in other disciplines, inconsistency, turbulence and sometimes linguistic mistakes are seen in equivalents. The factors of these inconsistencies are categorized in 6 categories as the lack of attention to the number of lexical components of the term, using ill-formed structures, using phrasal groups, paying no attention to the lexical category of the components of the technical terms, choosing long terms, using no affixation, lack of attention to the context and genre and neglecting differences and semantic delicacies of words.Another finding is less synonymy and polysemy in scientometrics, in comparison to the fields like linguistics. Perhaps the reason lies in the fact that scientometrics is a newly-introduced academic field and naturally less Persian texts are created. Undoubtedly, it is expected that by an increase in the number of researchers in the area and authoring more Persian texts in this field, an increase in the number of inconsistencies, synonyms and homonyms will be observed. It is necessary to mention that in recent years, in Iran, a special attention has been paying to Farsi as the language of science on the basis of macro language policies. In this regard, various linguistic and non-linguistic strategies are approved to develop Persian standard technical terms. In this regard, the approval of a scientific department in Persian Academy of Language and Literature is necessary to supervise and approve the equivalents. In addition, producing and using standard bilingual dictionaries and frequently dictionaries also increase the uniformity of equivalences and hence the transparency of Persian texts in scientometrics.
Original Article
zeinab sedighi; Alireza Isfandyari-Moghaddam; Atefeh Zarei
Abstract
Background and Objectives: In a digital library what provides interaction between user and library is user interface. Tedd and Hartley (1999) declared, “User interface is a bridge which relates the users with storage and retrieval systems”. Good user interface should be used to establish ...
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Background and Objectives: In a digital library what provides interaction between user and library is user interface. Tedd and Hartley (1999) declared, “User interface is a bridge which relates the users with storage and retrieval systems”. Good user interface should be used to establish effective interaction between users and digital libraries to help them to use and access desired information resources effectively. A user interface allows the users to obtain ‘what they need, in a desired way and in a user friendly manner’ (ibid). It should be prepared and designed according to the information needs of their user community (in this case, blind and visually impaired). Since blind and visually impaired have specific behaviors and cognitive characteristics, so interfaces should be designed carefully and enriched with the capabilities so that these users will be able to use them with ease and comfort. Blind and visually impaired, like the other users, need to interact with interfaces for access to information resources in a digital environment.
Therefore, it would be very important to present a set of criteria for user interfaces in Blind and visually impaired digital libraries. Therefore, this study intends to investigate and determine the most important criteria blind and visually impaired digital libraries user interface from the experts’ point of view about these criteria and recommend a sample set of criteria for digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interfaces. This is the basic question that the research tries to answer is: What are the important of evaluation criteria in digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface from experts’ point of view Librarians Attitude at blind digital libraries in Iran?
Methodology: The present study used survey as the methodology which is done in two sections. In first section through the reviewing the related scientific texts and resources, the researchers prepared a checklist consisting of 13 criteria (Different formats of library resources, Ability of organizing the screen, Study services of retrieved resources from the library, Error messages alert, Options for customizing the texts, Language User Interface, Interaction and feedback facilities, Links, Help services and tips, Search facilities, Visual symbols and images, user control, Screen capabilities) and 109 components. The results were evaluated according to these 13 criteria in response to research questions. In the second section of this Research, a two-step Delphi method was used. For this purpose, final checklist was emailed to a 10 librarian's attitude at blind digital libraries in Iran to gather their opinion about the importance of each criterion. SPSS and Excel software are used to analyses data. Finally, median score was performed as an evaluation device for acceptance or rejection of a criterion. Those criteria which obtained medium score higher than 3(60 percent), were accepted as an element to be included in the proposed criteria for digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface.
Findings: This survey sought Librarians attitude at blind digital libraries point of view and selected set of criteria is proposed for the digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface. The findings of the survey are presented in the following section. Importance of each criterion from the Librarians attitude at blind digital libraries point of view: Experts were asked of their opinion about the degree of importance of each criterion. The results of their response are showed in Table1.
As the Table 1 shows, it was found that among the criteria, the respondents gave the highest rating to «Different formats of library resources» (mean Medium-Score = 4.99) and the lowest to «Screen capabilities» (mean Medium-Score = 4.44). Two other criteria i.e. «Ability of organizing the screen» and «Study services of retrieved resources from the library» reached the second and third levels, respectively. Although the difference among of criteria's were low and according to the Delphi panel using them in the design of digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface offered. Also, Friedman test was used to determine the priority indicators. The zero assumption does not differentiate between the importance of existing criteria for use in the user interface of digital libraries providing services to blind and visually impaired users. The results of the Friedman test indicate the obtained sig is .000 and less than 0.05. This indicate that the zero assumption is rejected and there is a research hypothesis that there is a significant difference between the most important criteria for assessing the user interface of digital libraries providing services to visually impaired and blind people. As a result, it can be said that the importance of each user interface criteria is not the same for evaluation and the custodians and designers of digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface can be considered conception, planning and implementation of user interface features according to the budget, time and needs of their users.
Discussion: The aim of this research is to consider and determine the most important criteria of user interface of Digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired from the point of view of librarian’s attitude at blind digital libraries. Although various studies have discussed how to provide services to users with visual impairment and interaction with libraries, but it is necessary to provide criteria for interaction between the library and the blind and visually impaired users in the point of view of librarian’s attitude at blind digital libraries (because they interact directly with visually impaired users). These can be used to design, evaluate, and improve the user interface of the digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface. From the librarian’s attitude at blind digital libraries point of view, the «Different formats of library resources» (mean Medium-Score = 4.99) and «Screen capabilities» (mean Medium-Score = 4.44) criteria reached the highest and lowest scores, respectively. Blind and visually impaired users have problems in the use of common resources. Therefore, it is necessary to provide other formats of resources such as illustrative books, audio resources and etc. for these users. Obtaining the first rank in librarians' point of view can also be confirmed by the importance of resources for users of digital libraries provider`s services to the blind and visually impaired. A screen capability reached thirteenth level and is located bottom of the rating table. It is general features of database and web pages and gets the thirteenth place of the Delphi panel as well. Finally, it can be said that environment information exchange systems user interface such as digital libraries is so complicated and its goal is to provide remote services for users. Since blind and visually impaired users have specific behaviors and cognitive characteristics, and the deleted of the human interface in digital libraries, so interfaces should be designed carefully and enriched with the capabilities so that blind and visually impaired users will be able to use them with ease and comfort. All of the criteria in this study will be applicable to the digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface. On the other hand, it could be used as a tool for the determination of capabilities of digital Libraries providers' services to the blind and visually impaired user interface from librarians, experts and their user's opinion. The results of this study can be considered as a beginning effort for developing standard criteria for blind and visually impaired libraries in order to increase the quality and quantity of their user interfaces.
Original Article
Farshad Parhamnia; Fatemeh Nooshinfard; Nadjla Hariri; Sedegh Mohamad Esmaeil
Abstract
Background and Objectives: Since scholarly communication is part of social relations, it has a pivotal role in scientific development. That is why scholarly communication is regarded as important in educational context. Scholarly communication is of a wide scope, thus, it should be studied from different ...
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Background and Objectives: Since scholarly communication is part of social relations, it has a pivotal role in scientific development. That is why scholarly communication is regarded as important in educational context. Scholarly communication is of a wide scope, thus, it should be studied from different perspectives. Various internal and external factors may affect scholarly communication of university instructors. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the role of personal and leadership style on Iranian University Instructors’ scholarly communication.
Methodology: The present research study was a follow-up explanations model, the design enjoyed both qualitative and quantitative approaches. The sample for the qualitative section included university instructors including 29876 instructors. In quantitative section, after considering missing data 378 instructors were selected. A researcher made questionnaire was used to gather data. To validate the scale, some experts were asked to pass their judgment on the questionnaire. Cronbach's alpha coefficient which was used in order to assess the reliability was 0.824. Multiple regression using Spss 21 was used to for the statistical analysis. To gather the data for qualitative section a semi-structured interview was used. In the present study, the qualitative data and quantitative data gathering was sequential; however, the interpretation was concurrent. Accordingly, the content analysis had a deductive approach.
Findings: The findings of multiple regression showed that personality factors, cognitive style, organizational conflict and leadership style could explain scholarly communication. Therefore, personality factors having the highest beta coefficient predicts personal and leadership factors over scholarly communication. The variables of organizational conflict, cognitive style, organizational conflict and leadership style were second to fourth predictors of scholarly communication. The results of qualitative section confirmed the findings of the quantitative parts. The themes and category in scholarly communication included 235 primary codes, 33 categories and 4 themes of all these, the variable of personal factors had 56 primary codes, and 9 category codes, organizational conflict 8 category; the variable of cognitive style having 64 primary codes and 8 categories and finally, the variable of leadership style with 61 leadership style primary codes and 8 categories in scholarly communication.
Discussion: The present study aimed to explore the effect of personal factors and leader style on scholarly communication of university students. The results of qualitative and quantitative section show that to have a successful scholarly communication in in universities various factors should be taken into consideration. The findings also showed that almost all the variables had effect on scholarly communication
Original Article
Monireh Gharibe Niazi; Saeed Rezaei Sharifabadi
Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to inform that familiarity of librarian of Iranian national library about critical theory. Methodology: This is a descriptive study. In this study, data collection tools provided by (Hollister and Schroeder, 2014). Analysis tools are descriptive statistics and inferred statistics. ...
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Purpose: This study aimed to inform that familiarity of librarian of Iranian national library about critical theory. Methodology: This is a descriptive study. In this study, data collection tools provided by (Hollister and Schroeder, 2014). Analysis tools are descriptive statistics and inferred statistics. Findings: The findings showed that librarians did not have much familiarity about critical theorists (57%) but they had familiarity with social issues and critical activities related to library and information science (44%). 53 percent showed Marxist Criticism and Post Colonialism were more associated with critical theory. 51 percent of librarian had the same option in that role of libraries, the nature of librarianship, role of educational institutions and students/library users were the most important activities in critical theory related to library science. Conclusion: The hypothesis showed that there were significant relationship between librarians and the most important activities in the library science. Discussion: Thus, this seem that all of the librarian should be familiarity with concepts of critical theory and it is necessary to include the critical theory concepts in the course of library and information science.
Original Article
Mansor Kohi Rostami
Abstract
This paper tries to explain the reading as a social practice. Therefore, while dealing with the concept of sociology of reading, pays to read as a social practice.Research Methods: The method is analytical review.Findings: The research findings have shown that the demographic and sociological factors ...
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This paper tries to explain the reading as a social practice. Therefore, while dealing with the concept of sociology of reading, pays to read as a social practice.Research Methods: The method is analytical review.Findings: The research findings have shown that the demographic and sociological factors influence the amount and type of reading practice. The theory of social action and public readings has been used to respond to how people read..Value/originality: researcher in reading Studies used mainly three psychological, sociological and education paradigms. Two psychological and educational paradigms are dominant in reading studies and research related to lower cognitive aspect of society has been read. Less sociological aspect has been read and less sociological aspect has been addressed. Explanation Sociological act of reading not only affect the relationship between social and background factors that reading makes clear, It makes for a more comprehensive analysis of reading as a form of social interaction. Review the reading in the context of sociological theories in understanding; planning and the promotion of reading culture will be very effective.
Original Article
maryam Abdolahzadeh Torbati
Abstract
present study is based on the psychology of color by color, the impact on users of the Library Association of intellectual development and check the model for the above libraries.study was analytical work Data was collected through the checklist researcher and based on direct observation of colors used ...
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present study is based on the psychology of color by color, the impact on users of the Library Association of intellectual development and check the model for the above libraries.study was analytical work Data was collected through the checklist researcher and based on direct observation of colors used in the interiors of the Association library 36.the show most of the colors used in the library of the Association, in order of priority, cream, white cream, white green, grey, Brown, green, Orange, white Orange, white yellow green and orange green white and colors used in color combination from the previous training equipment, white, green, white, Orange and Brown.If color of the equipment apart from the colors used in the white space consider the maximum color used in the library and then repeated the most worms, and it can be concluded the Association's library lacks the model for painting according to psychologists and children's use of the color pattern of tastes, quiet and cool and a pattern of coloring stirring as the proposed pattern fit equipment Children's libraries offer.
Original Article
Abstract
Aim: The present research has been performed to assess how many released final research reports are used by next final research reports. Method: The citations of 374 final research reports, from a collection of 15324, that were released during 2003 to 2013 were examined. Results: About 11031 citations ...
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Aim: The present research has been performed to assess how many released final research reports are used by next final research reports. Method: The citations of 374 final research reports, from a collection of 15324, that were released during 2003 to 2013 were examined. Results: About 11031 citations have been totally used in the reviewed final reports, only a third of which (32%) were in Persian. Findings of the study show that only 181 (48%) final reports have cited previous research reports as an information resource. The findings from this study also suggest that the final reports released in 2011, 2013, and 2012 respectively , have made more extensive use of previous research reports. Those published in 2003 have made limited use of previous reports. In total, 405 (out of 11031) final reports have been cited by new final reports. Citation ratio of final reports to resources on the whole is 3.7 percent and ratio to Persian resources is about 11.4 percent. In addition, the findings indicate that 133 (33%) of citations to previous reports, represent self-citations.
