Amin Zare
Abstract
Understanding the thoughts of writers, elites and thinkers is one of the most important human concerns. Perhaps one of the best ways to understand a person's thoughts and ideas is to use qualitative approaches and in-depth interviews with the person. It can be said that what we write has a conceptual ...
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Understanding the thoughts of writers, elites and thinkers is one of the most important human concerns. Perhaps one of the best ways to understand a person's thoughts and ideas is to use qualitative approaches and in-depth interviews with the person. It can be said that what we write has a conceptual relationship with what we read and cite. Therefore, just as we can understand the text by analyzing the documents, by examining and analyzing the sources used in a person's works, we can possibly know his knowledge, whether written or obvious, or what remains in the back of the thinker's mind. Understanding and not being able to achieve objectivity can be understood and understood. It is possible to comprehensively analyze the citations used in a person's writings and to consider the assumption of the connection between the document and the text, to the ideas proposed by The person realized. The use of citation analysis to study conceptual relationships between document and text is not new, but so far no research has been done using this method with the aim of recognizing and discovering the system of knowledge and the thought of the author of the text. Using this new research approach, in addition to examining the views and ideas of prominent people in a specialized field, can serve the study of the history of science.
Conclusion
The use of citation analysis method to study the conceptual relationships between the document and the text is unprecedented, but so far no research has been done using this method to identify and discover the knowledge system and the sphere of thought of the author. Using this new research approach, in addition to examining the opinions and ideas of prominent people in a specialized field, can be used to study the history of science.
Scientometrics
Ebrahim Ezzati Larsari; Ali Akbar Khasseh
Abstract
This study tries to uncover the historical roots and influential publications in Machine Translation (MT) via a bibliometric analysis technique called RPYS. Preliminary data of study has been extracted from Web of Science concerning papers related to the MT from 1900 to 2021. Results exposed that the ...
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This study tries to uncover the historical roots and influential publications in Machine Translation (MT) via a bibliometric analysis technique called RPYS. Preliminary data of study has been extracted from Web of Science concerning papers related to the MT from 1900 to 2021. Results exposed that the supreme enterprise of MT was initiated by Shannon in 1948; the one who illuminated the notion of entropy in information technology. After that, Weaver contributed to the appearance of statistical word by word MT in 1949. Moreover, it was Levenshtein(1966) who introduced the revolutionary notion of binary codes capable of correcting deletions, insertions, and reversals in MT. In addition, Dempster et al. (1977) presented a novel statistical EM algorithm concerning maximum likelihood from incomplete data. Later, the works of scholars Brown et al. (1993), Hochreiter (1997), Papineni et al. (2002), and Koehn et al. (2007) have been instrumental in shaping and developing MT.In overall, MT has been developed tremendously during the recent years. More precisely, it seems to be fair to say that it was the language of mathematics (0&1), as well as statistics (optimal estimation) that could feed any linguistic information into machines and computers to be processed naturally. Furthermore, it should be noted that the first attempts for MT began with introducing the way of feeding linguistic information into machine-compatible language by the help of mathematical coding systems. As it has been fulfilled, researchers intended to present a model based on statistical procedures in which word by word translation could be directed more accurately and precisely. Slowly but surely, the idea of word by word translation was developed into phrase-based and syntax-based translation. Meanwhile, there were lots of attempts towards the logicality, as well as the reasonability of automated translations. In view of that, researchers tried to improve the quality of translations by incorporating the context role in achieving a well-matched MT from source to the target language, especially in retrieving the semantic and pragmatic information of elliptic sentences .
Scientometrics
Mostafa Rostami; Faramarz soheili; Ali Akbar Khasseh
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The increasing importance of science and technology in contemporary societies and their impact on human life has caused the relationship between these two elements to be analyzed from different perspectives. This study investigates the relationship between science and technology ...
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Background and Objectives: The increasing importance of science and technology in contemporary societies and their impact on human life has caused the relationship between these two elements to be analyzed from different perspectives. This study investigates the relationship between science and technology in the field of knowledge discovery using citation analysis of patents during 1995-2014.
Methodology: This is an applied research which has been conducted using citation analysis method. The relationship between science and technology has been investigated using the indicators established in the two mentioned areas. For this purpose, we referred to the USPTO database and in the first stage, the field of Data Processing was searched. In the next step, the subject category of the data processing domain was analyzed and the subject category of knowledge discovery was identified and provided to the subject experts. After reviewing and analyzing the subject headings, they selected category 603 under the subject of Data Processing as the main category in the field of knowledge discovery. In the next step, the Current US Classification (CCL) was used to retrieve all related permissions and to avoid false dropout and search results error. All patents related to the subject of knowledge discovery (subject category 603), data processing area, including 304 patents were recalled from the earliest year of registration (1995) to the last year of registration (2014).
In the next step, bibliographic information on the first page of patents was used for citation analysis. This information is categorized into three sections named U.S. Patent Documents, Foreign Patent Documents, and Other References. The data was extracted manually from the text file and entered into Microsoft Excel 2013, and then the relationships (formulas) were coded and executed in Excel.
Geometric average formula was used to calculate the growth rate of citations. Narin (2000) proposed formula was used to study and evaluate the relationship between science and technology. The science index calculates the average number of citations to scientific articles in a patent. Scientific power indicates the degree of participation of scientific knowledge in the technical field. The technical power measurement is used to calculate the amount of technology used in the patents. Technical strength is a measure of the qualitative weight of a patent.
The statistical population of this research includes 304 patents in the subcategory of knowledge discovery and registered in the US Patent and Trademark Database, which was registered in this database from 1995 to 2014. By referring to the USPTO database and searching for knowledge discovery, the category of related topics was examined and finally category number 603 was selected to study the relationship between science and technology in the field of knowledge discovery. Uspto2.exe, Aostsoft All Document, and Excel software were used to extract and analyze the data. Ravar PreMap software was used to calculate the frequency and Excel program was used to calculate the growth trend of patents, growth rate of citations and drawing statistical graphs.
Findings: Findings showed that the patents in the field of knowledge discovery during the research period have a growing trend of 30.07%. In other words, an average of 15.2 patents has been registered each year. The calculation of the growth rate of citing patents in the field of knowledge discovery using the geometric average shows 62.59% growth for a period of twenty years. Calculating the rate of citation to US patents using geometric averages shows a growth of 72.8%. Moreover, calculating the growth rate of citation to non-US patents based on geometric averages shows 87.2% growth. In this study, the link with science in the field of knowledge discovery was .3549. The closer the number of links with science is to 1, the stronger the scientific link is, and the closer it is to zero, the weaker the scientific link. In other words, the higher the citation of non-patent documents to the patents, the more it indicates that the invention in question has been produced based on research and scientific and academic theories. Scientific power in the field of knowledge discovery for the studied years was 10788.96 units, which indicates the influence of scientific documents in the patents of this field. In this research, the technical strength of the field of knowledge discovery is equal to 1967.52 units. The highest technical power (34.947) is related to 2011 and the lowest technical power (0.857) is related to 1995.
Discussion: The number of patents in the field of knowledge discovery at the USPTO database has grown by 30.07% in recent decades, with an average of 15.2 patents per year. These results show that the growth rate of patents has had ups and downs between these years. But further studies show that overall this growth has been accompanied by an upward slope; The highest number of patents was registered between 2008 and 2011. This growth has coincided with the growth of the global economy. The reason for this leap has been the need for global markets and free trade, which has led scientists, engineers and inventors to seek a share of the emerging market for emerging technologies. The results of this study showed that the rate of connection with science and its effect in the field of knowledge discovery is 35.49%. Considering the technical background in the field of knowledge discovery, this level of science participation in this field and its increase in the final years of the research period, indicates the growth of scientific research in line with technology and commercialization of scientific products of academic and industrial centers.
Abstract
Aim: The present research has been performed to assess how many released final research reports are used by next final research reports. Method: The citations of 374 final research reports, from a collection of 15324, that were released during 2003 to 2013 were examined. Results: About 11031 citations ...
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Aim: The present research has been performed to assess how many released final research reports are used by next final research reports. Method: The citations of 374 final research reports, from a collection of 15324, that were released during 2003 to 2013 were examined. Results: About 11031 citations have been totally used in the reviewed final reports, only a third of which (32%) were in Persian. Findings of the study show that only 181 (48%) final reports have cited previous research reports as an information resource. The findings from this study also suggest that the final reports released in 2011, 2013, and 2012 respectively , have made more extensive use of previous research reports. Those published in 2003 have made limited use of previous reports. In total, 405 (out of 11031) final reports have been cited by new final reports. Citation ratio of final reports to resources on the whole is 3.7 percent and ratio to Persian resources is about 11.4 percent. In addition, the findings indicate that 133 (33%) of citations to previous reports, represent self-citations.
Ali Mansoori; faramarz Soheli
Abstract
Aims: The purpose of these research was examine the knowledge flow between Islamic countries inventors in order to determine the impact of lag time in patents knowledge flow.Methodology: Citation analysis was used as the research method, the research population includes all patents of Islamic countries ...
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Aims: The purpose of these research was examine the knowledge flow between Islamic countries inventors in order to determine the impact of lag time in patents knowledge flow.Methodology: Citation analysis was used as the research method, the research population includes all patents of Islamic countries recorded from 2005 to 2014 in the USPTO. Using the especial formulas lag time was calculated.Finding: research Finding showed that in more than 95% of Patent, the length of time between the patent application and the granting of the patent takes 2-3 years. Average of lag time between examined patent citations were 2.93 years. Data analysis also showed that maximum lag time frequency were 2-3 years that which includes more than 40% of cited patent.Results: the results of testing hypotheses showed that there are significance correlation between grant year, lag time between of grant year and grant year of cited patent with knowledge flow in p<0,05 level. Results also showed that the relationship between variables are negative. The findings from multiple regression analysis revealed that about 13% of log time’s variable variance was determined by knowledge flow.
Afshin Hamdipour; Zahed Bigdeli
Volume 6, Issue 14 , August 2015, , Pages 1-18
Abstract
Purpose: Adoption and diffusion of innovation is one of the indicators of community progress. Innovation is a process in which ideas and new methods are created or developed. The aim of this study was to visualize the scientific structure of innovation diffusion during 1990 – 2011. Method: The ...
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Purpose: Adoption and diffusion of innovation is one of the indicators of community progress. Innovation is a process in which ideas and new methods are created or developed. The aim of this study was to visualize the scientific structure of innovation diffusion during 1990 – 2011. Method: The research method was scientometrics. During the period of 1990-2011, 3180 records were extracted in WoS and necessary analyses were performed on them. Findings: Results showed that the collaboration coefficient from 0.204 in 1990 raised to 0.508 in 2011 and the average of collaboration coefficient was 0.378 for the whole period. Due to the critical value at confidence level of 95% (0.0177> 0.8578), it can be said that the present work is in accordance with Lutka’s law. The fields of Management with 796 records (25%), Commerce with 546 records (17.2%), and Economy with 428 records (13.5%), ranked first to third respectively in order to diffusion of innovation research publishing. among 81 countries that have produced documents related to the diffusion of innovation, findings showed that over 57 percent were produced in the US and England. Iran with a production of 7 records (% 2.0) in this field ranked 34th. Results: The present study revealed significant correlation existing between cumulative annual frequency of scientific outputs, and year of study. An exponential regression was applied to model the high correlation between cumulative number of documents and the year of study. Using the regression equation, it can be estimated that in 2015, the number of scientific publications on this topic will be twice of the number of publications in 2006. Finally, by the scientific mapping of innovation diffusion on a global basis (GCS), eight clusters were identified and introduced.
Abdolrahim Navehebrahim; Nosrat RiahiNia
Volume 3, Issue 8 , October 2011, , Pages 27-48
Abstract
Purpose: The purpose of the present research is to study a 10-year citation analysis of educational management masters dissertations in Faculty of Education and Psychology, Tarbiat Moallem University.
Research methodology: by using a citation analysis method, MA dissertations of educational management ...
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Purpose: The purpose of the present research is to study a 10-year citation analysis of educational management masters dissertations in Faculty of Education and Psychology, Tarbiat Moallem University.
Research methodology: by using a citation analysis method, MA dissertations of educational management course for a 10-year period were analyzed. The population included 120 defended MA dissertations during the same period.
Findings: The findings showed that books were used more than journals and Persian resources more than English ones. The most cited journals in Persian and in English were “Management in Education” (n=50, 15.97%) and “The learning organization” (n=14, 3.02%), respectively. Besides, only 16.37% of resources were up-to-date and the topics were mostly repetitive.
Conclusion: The study showed that books were used more than journals and other resources that might be somehow newer. Besides, Persian resources were used more than English ones that that are written in the world lingua franca. One of the reasons why dissertations topics are repetitive might be the weakness of the students’ English proficiency that leads to not using English journals.
Gholamreza Heidari; Samaneh Abbasian
Volume 3, Vol.3, No.7 , April 2011, , Pages 55-70
Abstract
The present research aimed at identification of the state of citations in dissertations of Persian Language and Literature in ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz during 1372 to 1388h. (1993-2009c.). 102 masters and doctoral dissertations formed the research population. The required data were collected ...
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The present research aimed at identification of the state of citations in dissertations of Persian Language and Literature in ShahidChamran University of Ahvaz during 1372 to 1388h. (1993-2009c.). 102 masters and doctoral dissertations formed the research population. The required data were collected by taking notes from bibliographies provided at the end of each dissertation. The collected data were input in Excel and analyzed. Results of the analysis revealed that the mean number of citations in each dissertation was 61.2. From 6482 citations, the majority (92.97%) referred to books. The half-life of Persian cited books calculated as 30 years, and that of Persian journal articles cited was 20 years. The half-lives of English and Arabic books were calculated 20 years each. Most of the examined dissertations (21%) were on encyclopedic dictionaries. There were no dissertations on humor. The highly cited source was Dehkhoda Encyclopedia with 53 citations, and the highly cited author was Nezami with 116 citations. The highly cited journals were also identified in this study.
