Journal of Studies in Library and Information Science

The Relationship between Science and Technology in Knowledge Discovery Domain using Citation Analysis

Document Type : Original Article

Authors

Mostafa Rostami 1
Faramarz soheili 2
Ali Akbar Khasseh 3

1 Director of Library of Qom Ethics and Education Institute, Qom, Iran

2 Associate Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

3 Assistant Professor, Department of Library and Information Science, Payame Noor University, Tehran, Iran

https://doi.org/10.22055/slis.2020.29092.1583
Abstract
Background and Objectives: The increasing importance of science and technology in contemporary societies and their impact on human life has caused the relationship between these two elements to be analyzed from different perspectives. This study investigates the relationship between science and technology in the field of knowledge discovery using citation analysis of patents during 1995-2014.
Methodology: This is an applied research which has been conducted using citation analysis method. The relationship between science and technology has been investigated using the indicators established in the two mentioned areas. For this purpose, we referred to the USPTO database and in the first stage, the field of Data Processing was searched. In the next step, the subject category of the data processing domain was analyzed and the subject category of knowledge discovery was identified and provided to the subject experts. After reviewing and analyzing the subject headings, they selected category 603 under the subject of Data Processing as the main category in the field of knowledge discovery. In the next step, the Current US Classification (CCL) was used to retrieve all related permissions and to avoid false dropout and search results error. All patents related to the subject of knowledge discovery (subject category 603), data processing area, including 304 patents were recalled from the earliest year of registration (1995) to the last year of registration (2014).
In the next step, bibliographic information on the first page of patents was used for citation analysis. This information is categorized into three sections named U.S. Patent Documents, Foreign Patent Documents, and Other References. The data was extracted manually from the text file and entered into Microsoft Excel 2013, and then the relationships (formulas) were coded and executed in Excel.
Geometric average formula was used to calculate the growth rate of citations. Narin (2000) proposed formula was used to study and evaluate the relationship between science and technology. The science index calculates the average number of citations to scientific articles in a patent. Scientific power indicates the degree of participation of scientific knowledge in the technical field. The technical power measurement is used to calculate the amount of technology used in the patents. Technical strength is a measure of the qualitative weight of a patent.
 
The statistical population of this research includes 304 patents in the subcategory of knowledge discovery and registered in the US Patent and Trademark Database, which was registered in this database from 1995 to 2014. By referring to the USPTO database and searching for knowledge discovery, the category of related topics was examined and finally category number 603 was selected to study the relationship between science and technology in the field of knowledge discovery. Uspto2.exe, Aostsoft All Document, and Excel software were used to extract and analyze the data. Ravar PreMap software was used to calculate the frequency and Excel program was used to calculate the growth trend of patents, growth rate of citations and drawing statistical graphs.
Findings: Findings showed that the patents in the field of knowledge discovery during the research period have a growing trend of 30.07%. In other words, an average of 15.2 patents has been registered each year. The calculation of the growth rate of citing patents in the field of knowledge discovery using the geometric average shows 62.59% growth for a period of twenty years. Calculating the rate of citation to US patents using geometric averages shows a growth of 72.8%. Moreover, calculating the growth rate of citation to non-US patents based on geometric averages shows 87.2% growth. In this study, the link with science in the field of knowledge discovery was .3549. The closer the number of links with science is to 1, the stronger the scientific link is, and the closer it is to zero, the weaker the scientific link. In other words, the higher the citation of non-patent documents to the patents, the more it indicates that the invention in question has been produced based on research and scientific and academic theories. Scientific power in the field of knowledge discovery for the studied years was 10788.96 units, which indicates the influence of scientific documents in the patents of this field. In this research, the technical strength of the field of knowledge discovery is equal to 1967.52 units. The highest technical power (34.947) is related to 2011 and the lowest technical power (0.857) is related to 1995.
Discussion: The number of patents in the field of knowledge discovery at the USPTO database has grown by 30.07% in recent decades, with an average of 15.2 patents per year. These results show that the growth rate of patents has had ups and downs between these years. But further studies show that overall this growth has been accompanied by an upward slope; The highest number of patents was registered between 2008 and 2011. This growth has coincided with the growth of the global economy. The reason for this leap has been the need for global markets and free trade, which has led scientists, engineers and inventors to seek a share of the emerging market for emerging technologies. The results of this study showed that the rate of connection with science and its effect in the field of knowledge discovery is 35.49%. Considering the technical background in the field of knowledge discovery, this level of science participation in this field and its increase in the final years of the research period, indicates the growth of scientific research in line with technology and commercialization of scientific products of academic and industrial centers.

Keywords

Science-technology linkage
Citation analysis
Science linkage
Technology linkage
Knowledge discovery
Subjects
Abdekhoda M.H., Noruzi, A., & Ravand, S. (2012). Mapping Iranian Patents from 1976 To 2011 Based On International Patent Classification(IPC). Payavard, 5(5), 46-56.
Acosta, M. & Coronado, D. (2014). Science-Technology Flows in Spanish Regions: An Analysis of Scientific Citations in Patents. 42nd Congress of The European Regional Science AssociationDortmund, August 27th - 31st.
Almutairi, A., Everatt, J., Snape, P. & Fox-Turnbull, W. (2014). Exploring The Relationship Between Science and Technology in The Curriculum. Australasian Journal of Technology Education, 1, 49-63.
Aristodemou, L., Tietze, F., Athanassopoulou, N., & Minshall, T. (2017). Exploring The Future of Patent Analytics: A Technology Roadmapping Approach. Centre for Technology Management Working Paper Series, No 5. This Paper Has Been Accepted to The R&D Management Conference in Leuven, Belgium.
Bhattacharya, S. & Meyer, M. (2003). Large Firms and The Science-Technology Interface Patents, Patent Citations, and Scientific Output of Multinational Corporations in Thin Films. Scientometrics, 52(2), 265-279.
Bigdeli, Z., & Serati, M. (2015). Investigating the Link between Science and Technology through Citation Analysis of Iranian Patent during 2009-2013. National Studies on Librarianship and Information Organization, 26(2), 65-76.
Bigelow, J. (1829). Elements of technology: taken chiefly from a course of lectures delivered at Cambridge, on the application of the sciences to the useful arts : now published for the use of seminaries and students. 2nd ed., with additions. Boston: Hilliard, Gray, Little and Wilkins.
Brooks, H. (1994). The Relationship between Science and Technology. Research Policy, 23(5), 477-486.
Bruck, P., Rethy, I., Szente, J., Tobochnik, J., & Erdi, P. (2016). Recognition of Emerging Technology Trends: Class-Selective Study of Citations in The US Patent Citation Network. Scientometrics, 107(3), 1465–1475.
France, B., & Compton, V. (2006). Redefining Technological Literacy in New Zealand: From Concepts to Curriculum Constructs. Paper Presented at The 4th Biennial International Conference on Technology Education Research, Crown Plaza Hotel Surfers Paradise, Gold Coast, Queensland, Australia.
Gaj, N. (2018). Psychology Between Science and Technology: A Proposal for The Development of a Theory of Practice. Journal of Theoretical and Philosophical Psychology, 38(2), 77-91.
Ghadimi, A. (2017). Function of Science and Technology Diplomacy in Islamic Republic of Iran and United States of America. Political Quarterly, 47(1), 139-157.
Qazi Nuri‪, Sipihr, & Qazi Nuri, Soroush. (2014). Science, Technology and Innovation Policy Making: An Introduction (2nd.ed.). Tehran: Tarbiat Modares University Press.
Han, F. & Magee, C.L. (2018). Testing The Science/Technology Relationship by Analysis of Patent Citations of Scientific Papers After Decomposition of Both Science and Technology. Scientometrics, 116(2), 767–796.
Hazeri, A., Tavakolizadeh-Ravari, M., & shahbazi manshadi, E. (2017). A Study of Patent Citation Intensity in Iranian Chemistry Journal Papers. Journal of Scientometrics, 3(5), 1-14.
Hazeri, A., Tavakolizadeh-Ravari, M., Ahmadi, N., & Soheili, F. (2016). A Study of the Linkages between Technology and Science: A Case Study of Nano- Electronics. Library and Information Science Research (LISRJ), 6(2), 261-280.
Hong, S. (1999). Historiographical Layers in the Relationship between Science and Technology. History and Technology: An International Journal, 15(4), 289-311.
Hong, S. (2012). The Relationship between Science and Technology in Korea from the 1960s to Presntday: A Historical and Reflective Perspective. East Asian Science, Technology and Society: An International Journal 6(2), 259-265.  
Horri,  A. (1993). A Review of Information and Information Science. Tehran: Library press.
Huang, M.H., Yang, H.W., & Chen, D.Z. (2015). Increasing Science and Technology Linkage in Fuel Cells: A Cross Citation Analysis of Papers and Patents. Journal of Informetrics, 9, 237–249.
Jeong, H.J., & Ko, Y. (2016). Configuring an alliance portfolio for eco-friendly innovation in the car industry: Hyundai and Toyota. Journal of Open Innovation: Technology, Market, and Complexity, 2(1), 1-16.
Khatibi, V., Keramati, A., & Montazer, G. (2017). A Model for Monitoring National Science and Technology Indicators: A Business Intelligence Approach. Rahyaft, 27(68), 25-42.
Layton, E.T. (1976). American Ideologies of Science and Engineering. Technology and Culture, 17, 688-701.
Lee, C., Park, G. & Kang J. (2016). The Impact of Convergence Between Science and Technology on Innovation. The Journal of Technology Transfer, Springer, 43(2), 522-544.
Li, R., Chambers, T., Ding, Y., Zhang & Meng, L. (2014). Patent Citation Analysis: Calculating Science Linkage Based on Citing Motivation. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology, 65(5), 1007–1017.
Loannidis, J.P.A., Klavans, R., & Boyack, K.W. (2016). Multiple Citation Indicators and Their Composite Across Scientific Disciplines. PLoS Biol, 14(7), 1-17.  
Meyer, M. (2000). Does Science Push Technology? Patents Citing Scientific Literature. Research Policy, 29, 409–434.
Moed, H.F. (2017). Applied Evaluative Informetrics, Qualitative and Quantitative Analysis of Scientific and Scholarly Communication. [New York]: Springer.
Mohseni, M. (2009). Principles of Sociology of Science. Tehran: Tahoory press.
Moxley, R.A. (1989). Some Historical Relationships Between Science and Technology with Implications for Behavior Analysis. The Behavior Analyst, Spring, 12(1), 45-57.
Nomaler, O. & Verspagen, B. (2008) Knowledge Flows, Patent Citations and the Impact of Science on Technology. Economic Systems Research, 20(4), 339-366.
Noroozi Chakoli, A., & madadi, Z. (2016). A Comparative Description of the Relation between Science Production and the Technological Advances of Countries: Does the Technology Advances with the Rise of Science. Library and Information Science Research (LISRJ), 5(1), 192-204.
Rabbani Khorasgani, A., Ghasemi, V., Rabbani, R., Adibi Sadeh, M., & Ofoghi, N. (2012). A sociological Analysis on the Modes of Science Production. Journal of Iranian Cultural Research, 4(4), 117-158.
Rauscher, W. & Blom, N. (2013). Science Student Teachers’ Perceptions of the Relationship Between Science and Technology. Conference: SAARMSTE 2013, At: Cape Town
Ribeiro, L.C., Kruss, G., Britto, G., Bernardes, A.T., & Albuquerque, E.D.E. (2014). A Methodology for Unveiling Global Innovation Networks: Patent Citations as Clues to Cross Border Knowledge Flows. Scientometrics, 101(1), 61–83.
Russell, B. (1914). The purpose of science and philosophy (science for action, philosophy for result). Education, 5(7-8), 461- 464.
Sanchez, T.W. (2017). Faculty Performance Evaluation Using Citation Analysis: An Update. Journal of Planning Education and Research, 37(1), 83–94
Sani Ejlal, M. (2017). A multidisciplinary approach to the diplomacy role in science and technology development policy: Iran as a case Stud. Interdisciplinary Studies in the Humanities, 9(3), 125-148.
Scheerooren, S. & Kamalski, J. (2013). The Impact of Science on Technology, as Measured by Patent Citations. Research Trends, 33, 16-18.
Soheili, F. & Osareh, F. (2009). A Study on Scientific Production of Academic Staff at The Razi University Presented in Sci during 1992-2008: A Case Study. Studies in Library & Information Science (Journal of Education and Psychology), 16(4), 81-110.
Sung, H.Y., Wang, C.C., Huang, M.H., & Chen, D.Z. (2015). Measuring Science-Based Science Linkage Andnon-Science-Based Linkage of Patents Throughnon-Patent References. Journal of Informetrics, 9, 488–498.
Tavakkolizadeh-Ravari, M., & Soheili, F. (2016). Common Features of Well-known Empirical Laws in Scientometrics: Data Grouping Based on Frequency Distribution. National Studies on Librarianship and Information Organization, 27(1), 25-42.
Tavakolizadeh-Ravari, M., & Soheili, F. (2013). Study of citation studies of Patent Licenses. Rahyaft, 23(55),13-31.
Van Looy, B., Magerman, T., & Debackere, K. (2007). Developing technology in the vicinity of science: An examination of the relationship between science intensity (of patents) and technological productivity within the field of biotechnology. Scientometrics, 70(2), 441–458.
Van Raan, A.F.J. (2017). Patent Citations Analysis and its Value in Research Evaluation: A Review and a New Approach to Map Technology-Relevant Research. De Gruyter Open, (2), 13–50.
Verhoeven, D., Bakker, J., & Veugelers, R. (2016). Measuring Technological Novelty with Patent-Based Indicators. Research Policy, 45(3), 707–723.
Williams, P.J. (2011). Stem Education: Proceed with Caution. Design and Technology Education: An International Journal, 16(1), 26–35.
Journal of Studies in Library and Information Science
Volume 15, Issue 1
Winter 2023
Pages 35-54

Home

Submit Manuscript

Article Processing Charges

Contact Us

Journal Metrics

Edirotrial Staff