Journal of Studies in Library and Information Science

Abstract Objective: The purpose of this study was to identify the factors underlying the non-use of public libraries by housewives in rural areas of Kurdistan.

Method: The study was conducted using qualitative approach and grounded theory method. The research data were obtained through interviews with 25 housewives of rural areas of Kurdistan province. Data were analyzed using coding methods in three stages: open, axial, and selective.

Results: From the analysis of interviews, 5 main categories and 19 sub-categories were identified. The main category “physical conditions” includes subcategories of positions, number of libraries, internal space, facilities; the main category “staff” includes knowledge and skills, public relations and scarcity; the main category “resources” include scarcity, ordering and organization; the main category “public services” includes the library network, opening hours, borrowing, special services; and the main categories “personal issues” included lack of time, creating the cultural context, motivation, economics, and lack of awareness.

Conclusion: Improving the performance of libraries and providing better and more comprehensive services to housewives can transform their understanding and appreciation of the information and services provided by the library, resulting in improved library status in public opinion. Therefore, managers in public libraries should consider the service map of this influential community to be very important

Conclusion: Improving the performance of libraries and providing better and more comprehensive services to housewives can transform their understanding and appreciation of the information and services provided by the library, resulting in improved library status in public opinion. Therefore, managers in public libraries should consider the service map of this influential community to be very important

Conclusion: Improving the performance of libraries and providing better and more comprehensive services to housewives can transform their understanding and appreciation of the information and services provided by the library, resulting in improved library status in public opinion. Therefore, managers in public libraries should consider the service map of this influential community to be very important

Abstract Background and Objectives: Scientific misconduct followed by retracted publications is one of the main obstacles to the development of societies, as it damages the material capital and scientific reputation of journals, organizations and countries. The present research has analyzed the characteristics of retracted publications extracted from the Web of Science database in engineering sciences, physical sciences, humanities and social sciences published in the years from 1992 to 2021.
Methodology: The present research has analyzed the characteristics of retracted publications extracted from the Web of Science database in engineering sciences, physical sciences, humanities and social sciences published in the years from 1992 to 2021.This research has used various bibliometric indicators, including the number and rank of publications, the number of citations, and the centrality indices in the collaboration network of countries, based on the research areas.
Findings: The results showed that engineering science ranked higher than other non-medical fields on the global scale with 2996 retracted documents and 23156 citations received. It was also found that subject areas with most violations and fraudulent publications in each of the aforementioned sciences are “Energy Fuels” from engineering sciences, “Chemistry Multidisciplinary” from physical sciences and “Education Educational Research” from humanities and social sciences with 1038, 316, and 84 retracted works, respectively. In addition, the United States of America and the People’s Republic of China had the highest level of collaboration in the prevalence of retracted publications in different fields of science.
Discussion: It is suggested that policymakers formulate long-term plans to protect the health of research by promoting the culture of systemic thinking in the research system, continuously teaching the principles of publication ethics, and informing the main actors of research, i.e., scholars, publishers, editors, and reviewers of journals. It is suggested that policymakers formulate long-term plans to protect the health of research by promoting the culture of systemic thinking in the research system, continuously teaching the principles of publication ethics, and informing the main actors of research, i.e., scholars, publishers, editors, and reviewers of journals.

Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study is to determine the usefulness of public libraries in Ahvaz in the daily lives of users in the components of work and formal education, reading and self-study and daily activities and interests
Method: The present research method. In terms of practical purpose and in terms of data collection method, it is a descriptive survey. The statistical population of this study included all users over 15 years of public libraries covered by public libraries in Ahvaz. Due to the closure of public libraries in Ahvaz due to the corona virus. The size of the community was unknown. However, using the Cochran's formula for a population of unknown size, the sample size was 384. Of these, 357 completed the online questionnaire. In order to collect data from the standard questionnaire of Javanasin and Wakari (2015), sample t-test, one-way signal analysis and variance test were used in SPSS software version 22.
Findings: The research findings showed that the usefulness of public libraries in Ahvaz in the fields of education, research, business and commerce, daily activities and cultural and religious activities is less than average.
Conclusion: According to the results obtained from data analysis, it can be said that there is a significant gap between the level of services of public libraries in Ahvaz and the goals set in the scientific texts for this institution.

Abstract Background/Objectives: The classification of sciences, a key human effort to organize knowledge, has evolved gradually from ancient times to the present. From early systems by philosophers like Aristotle to modern frameworks utilizing information technologies, this process has been shaped by philosophical, social, and technological changes. This study examines the historical development of these systems, their challenges, and the opportunities emerging from new technologies.
Methodology: This research employs an analytical approach and literature review to examine sources related to the history and challenges of scientific classification, especially in the context of information technologies. Data were collected from reputable Persian and non-Persian databases and analyzed.
Findings: The study identifies five main challenges faced by the classification of sciences: 1. Philosophical challenges, 2. Issues arising from scientific progress and new disciplines, 3. Cultural and social challenges, 4. The diversity of classification systems, and 5. Technological and digital challenges. Despite these obstacles, several opportunities are emerging, such as: 1. Enhanced accessibility and transparency, 2. The rise of artificial intelligence and machine learning, 3. Increased international collaboration and knowledge sharing, and 4. Utilization of big data and complex analyses.
Conclusion: Despite ongoing challenges, the classification of sciences has benefited from advancements in information technologies, allowing it to evolve and adapt to contemporary needs. The study emphasizes the importance of developing global standards, flexible classification systems, and leveraging advanced technologies to enhance these frameworks. Ultimately, scientific classification serves to both organize knowledge and foster collaboration in the digital era.

Abstract Purpose: This study aimed to identify and examine the barriers to knowledge production among female faculty members at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz. It sought to identify these barriers from the perspective of female faculty members and to examine their structure and relative importance.

Methodology: This applied research employed a sequential exploratory mixed-methods design. In the qualitative phase, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 13 female faculty members selected purposefully based on differing levels of scientific output. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis with MAXQDA software. Based on the qualitative findings, a 30-item questionnaire was developed. In the quantitative phase, the questionnaire was administered via census to all 122 female faculty members, and 90 usable questionnaires were analyzed. The instrument's face and content validity were assessed by seven experts, yielding a Cronbach's alpha of 0.87. Data were analyzed using principal component analysis and partial least squares structural equation modeling.

Findings: Four dimensions were identified—individual, organizational, cultural, and environmental-educational barriers—together explaining 62.20% of the variance. Organizational barriers had the highest standardized coefficient (0.445), followed by cultural (0.283), individual (0.224), and environmental-educational (0.134) barriers. All coefficients were statistically significant.

Conclusion: The barriers to knowledge production among female faculty members are multidimensional in nature and are not limited to individual factors. The prominence of organizational barriers suggests that facilitating research processes, improving access to resources and research support, and creating supportive organizational conditions could be effective in reducing perceived barriers to knowledge production.

Abstract Objective: This study presents a systematic bibliometric analysis of fifty highly influential research articles in Islamic theology to identify the structure of knowledge, patterns of scholarly production, and dominant research trends.

Methodology: A mixed-methods approach combining quantitative bibliometric analysis and qualitative content analysis was employed. Data were retrieved from the Scopus database using relevant keywords, yielding an initial dataset of 12,700 documents published before 2025. The primary selection criterion was the Local Normalized Citation Score, which evaluates article impact relative to publication year and subject area. Based on this indicator, fifty top-impact articles published between 2004 and 2024 were selected. Quantitative analysis examined publication patterns, leading authors, institutions, countries, journals, and keyword networks. Qualitative content analysis of abstracts and full texts was then conducted to identify thematic and methodological patterns.

Findings: Results indicate significant growth in influential publications, particularly after 2019, reflecting an accelerated upward trend. Southeast Asian countries—especially Indonesia and Malaysia—emerge as major centers of high-impact scholarship. At the institutional level, the University of Malaya and Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta rank among the most productive contributors. Dominant themes include applied theology and health, computational and linguistic studies, education and social studies, comparative and systematic theology, law and politics, and Islamic finance.

Conclusion: Islamic theology is shifting from a traditional text-centered framework toward a problem-oriented, interdisciplinary, and technologically engaged paradigm. Despite limitations related to database coverage and citation-based metrics, this study provides a data-driven foundation for understanding contemporary developments and informing future research and policy decisions.

Abstract Objective: Digital transformation has reshaped human resource management (HRM) in knowledge-based organizations, particularly public libraries, through the adoption of intelligent technologies. Artificial intelligence (AI) has emerged as a strategic tool for automating processes, supporting managerial decision-making, and enhancing employees’ competencies. This study aimed to examine the role of AI in the individual and organizational outcomes of HRM in public libraries of Qom Province, Iran.

Methods: This applied research employed a descriptive-survey design with a correlational approach. The study population consisted of all 115 librarians working in public libraries of Qom Province, who were selected using the census method. Data were collected using a standardized 93-item questionnaire based on a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire's validity was confirmed by subject experts, and its reliability was verified using Cronbach's alpha and composite reliability. Data were analyzed using SPSS for descriptive statistics and SmartPLS through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM).

Results: The findings revealed that AI had a positive and significant effect on all research variables. The strongest effect was found on organizational performance (β = 0.71), followed by organizational innovation (β = 0.67), job satisfaction (β = 0.64), and individual skills (β = 0.59). Moreover, no significant differences were observed in librarians’ perceptions of AI based on gender, age, or educational level.

Conclusion: AI can strengthen HRM by improving employees’ skills and job satisfaction while enhancing organizational performance and innovation. Investing in digital infrastructure, AI-related training, and supportive organizational policies can improve workforce productivity and the quality of public library services.

Abstract هدف: رهبری خردمندانه به‌عنوان یکی از رویکردهای نوین مدیریتی، نقش مهمی در توسعه مدیریت دانش و ارتقای عملکرد نوآوری سازمان‌ها دارد. از سوی دیگر، مدیریت دانش می‌تواند سازوکار انتقال اثر رهبری بر نوآوری را تبیین کند. بر این اساس، هدف پژوهش حاضر واکاوی نقش میانجی مدیریت دانش در پیوند رهبری خردمند با عملکرد نوآوری در کتابخانه‌های عمومی شهر همدان است.
روش‌شناسی: پژوهش حاضر از نظر هدف، کاربردی و از نظر روش، توصیفی ـ پیمایشی است. جامعه آماری شامل 40 کتابدار شاغل تمام‌وقت در کتابخانه‌های عمومی شهر همدان در سال 1405 بود که 38 نفر با روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده انتخاب شدند. ابزار گردآوری داده‌ها شامل پرسشنامه استاندارد رهبری خردمندانه نوناکا و تاکه‌اوچی(Nonaka & Takeuchi، 2011)، پرسشنامه مدیریت دانش چن و هوانگ(Chen & Huang، 2009) و پرسشنامه عملکرد نوآوری چن و هوانگ(Chen & Huang، 2009) بود. داده‌ها با استفاده از نرم‌افزار SmartPLS و مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری تحلیل شدند.
یافته‌ها: نتایج نشان داد رهبری خردمندانه بر عملکرد نوآورانه (β=0.432، t=6.637) و مدیریت دانش (β=0.864، t=47.477) تأثیر مثبت و معناداری دارد. همچنین مدیریت دانش بر عملکرد نوآورانه اثر مثبت ومعناداری دارد (β=0.441، t=6.967). علاوه بر این، نقش میانجی مدیریت دانش در رابطه بین رهبری خردمندانه و عملکرد نوآورانه نیز تأیید شد (β=0.381، t=6.865).
نتیجه‌گیری: یافته‌ها نشان داد مدیریت دانش سازوکار اصلی انتقال اثر رهبری خردمندانه بر عملکرد نوآورانه است. ازاین‌رو، توسعه قابلیت‌های رهبری خردمندانه و استقرار نظام‌های مدیریت دانش می‌تواند زمینه ارتقای نوآوری و بهبود عملکرد کتابخانه‌های عمومی را فراهم سازد.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Citation is an important element in scientific writing and has a prominent role in the production and dissemination of information. Citation analysis is one of the applications of citation that examines the relationship between citing and cited document and studies the rules governing this relation. Citation analysis of patents is nowadays frequently observed in studies and is an important tool for identifying and analyzing the technical knowledge within patents. This research tries to identify determinants of patent citations by using a survival analysis. Methodology: Research method was patent citation analysis. Research population consisted of 25,392 patents in the USPTO database in the Data Processing: Artificial Intelligence (AI) (Category: 706). There were 25392 AI patents in the USPTO database, among them, 13644 patents remained after deleting duplicates. Therefore, the new list, containing 13,644 patents, was saved in a plain text file by patents number, and these file was used to download the by Ravar Premep software. By using this software and using data mining technique, patents were saved in a separated location whit HTML format. Information needed for this analysis was: patent number, filed year, issue date, title, abstract, inventors, assignee, citations, and categories. This information was extract from patents in a comprehensive file. There were about 80 patent applications in the field at the USPTO, with the manually extracted information from the database added to this comprehensive file. To classify patent, first, patent that did not receive any citation in the field of AI were grouped into separate group and then the rest of the patents were divided into 3 groups using Bradford law based on number of citations. Group 1: Patents that have received at least 22 citations (412 patents). Group 2: Patent applications that have received at least 9 and at most 21 citations (1123 patents). Group 3: Patents that have received at least 1 and up to 8 citations (4975 patents). Group 4: Patent Letters That Did Not Receive Any Citation (7134 patents). In this study 8922 inventors were retrieved as the first inventors for 13,644 patents. Since the classification of the first inventors did not fit well with any of the conventional classification methods in scientometrics, the inventors were divided into three groups according to the number of inventions. Inventors with more than 20 patents in the first group, inventors with 11 to 20 inventions in the second group and inventors with 10 inventions and fewer in the third group. In the field of AI, 2898 assignees hold 13644 patents. Bradford law was used to classify assignees in terms of frequency of inventions because of their high fit to the data. According to this method, assignees were classified into three groups in terms of their ability to produce patents. First Class (Strong): assignees who have produced at least 87 patents (19 assignees). Second Class (Medium): assignees who have produced at least 7 patents (233 assignees). Third Class (Poor): Proprietors who have produced at least 1 patent (2646 assignees). Bradford law was also used to classify assignees in terms of citation. Since in this method the minimum number is equal to one, assignees whose patents did not receive any citations were placed in a separate group (Group 4) and patent holders whose patents received at least one patent. They were classified into 3 groups according to Bradford method. Cox and Kaplan-Meier regression were used to analyze the data. Findings: The research findings showed that of the 6749 patents that received first citation, in the first two years, the probability of citing each patent was less than 50 percent, and the probability of being cited increased over time. So that probability has risen to over 90% after 84 months. Kaplan-Meier test results showed that it takes between 38 and 40 months on average to a patent obtain first citation in the field of AI. The Kaplan-Meier test results in survival analysis showed that one year after a patent first was cited, the probability of being cited for the ninth time was 2.2%, and that probability increased over time. The findings also showed that on average, a patent may be cited for the ninth time between 69 and 74 months after receiving its first citation. Kaplan-Meier test showed that in the first 4 months after receiving the ninth citation, the probability of receiving the 22th citation for patent applications was zero, and then the probability increased. Also the finding showed that of the 6749 patents reviewed  citation for the first time, in the first 2 years, the probability of citing each patent was less than 50%, and the probability of being cited increased over time. So the probability has risen to over 90% after 84 months. Discussion: The results of the Cox test showed that, at the significant level of 0.05, inventors and assignees were influenced the productivity and receiving citation of patents. The results showed that the frequency distribution of citations received by patents based on the first inventor and proprietor complies with Bradford’s scattering law. The results showed that the percentage of cited patents increased logarithmically over time. In other words, after a few years, the chances of citing a patent are reduced to a fixed amount. The results of the relationship between the power of first inventors both in terms of productivity and receiving citation showed that, the more the first inventors had a patent or citation, the shorter length of time need to be cited for the first time. The results of Cox test showed that at the significant level of 0.05 percent, inventors and assignees were influential in productivity and receiving citation. In other words, the chance of getting the first citation of assignees whose first inventor is in the first group (strong group) is 1.926 times higher than the patent of their first inventor in the third group. The results also showed that the probability of receiving the first citation for patents whose first inventors were in the first group was 1.925 times higher than that of the third group. Also those patent that the inventors where in second groups 1.44 times higher than of the third group. The results also showed that assignees were influenced by both the time they produced the invention and the citation received. The more assignees have had more or patents or citations, the less time it takes for them to be cited for the first time. The results also showed that the strongest assignees groups were more likely to receive their first citation at the same time interval than the weaker assignees. It may be argued that the role of countries in citing to patent applications is not very influential, but other factors are influential, one of which being the relevance of other patents that the inventor may cited or the evaluator of that role. And the type of citations in patent differs from those based on articles and other scientific documents. 

Abstract Background and Objectives:  This study aimed to measure the service quality levels of the library of Jundi-Shapur University of Technology, Dezful, using LibQual tool to determine the status of its components from the users' point of view and to identify the components that require the improvement.
Methodology: The research is a survey-descriptive type, and research community includes three thousand undergraduate and graduate students of the university and library members Sampling was estimated by simple random method, and the statistical sample size at 341 people based on Morgan's table. A questionnaire with 24 questions that is created in three dimensions and on a Likert scale serves as the data gathering instrument. 95% average confidence limits were established at all three levels in order to generalize the findings to the university library community (minimum expectations, maximum expectations, and services received). In the descriptive statistics of statistical indicators, and to analyze the data, SPSS software used to estimate the gap among the expectations of users, and the level of services they received and gap analysis.
Findings: The level of services received by library users in the "service effect" component (human dimension and quality of services provided by librarians to library users) is at the level of minimum expectations. Nonetheless, this component's user satisfaction score is higher than those for information control and the library as a physical location, and it also has the greatest degree of trust in society, with a score between 3.32 and 3.57.The largest gap in the limit of the sufficiency in this component is related to item 2 (library staff's readiness to answer your questions (for example, they always have enough time to answer you)), and the highest level of satisfaction related to item 7, Observance of politeness and modesty of library employees in connection with you). In "Information Control" component (expressing the quality of the collection, facilities, and equipment of the library for users to access the required information), the average level of services received by library users, except in a few cases, was lower than the maximum level of users' expectations in the society with the limit of trust from 2.86 to 3.11, it ranks second among other components. The greatest level of satisfaction in this component is related to item 20 (the existence of a website for quick access to the required information), which has the greatest gap in the limit of the sufficiency for item 21 (the presence of contemporary and sufficient equipment for easy access to the required information in the library, such as a sufficient number of computers) (for example, in finding the location of needed information).The services received by users in the "library as a place" component (expressing the physical environment of library) show that the library has not even been able to meet the minimum expectations of its users. Among other components of LibQual, this component also has the lowest level of received services compared to the minimum expectations of users. It was ranked third in the community with a confidence level from 2.52 to 2.79. The most significant gap in the limit of the sufficiency of this component is related to item 11 (the comfort and attractiveness of overall library space).
Discussion: The level of services received by library users in the "service effect" component is at the level of minimum expectations which does not have a significant difference from that at the community level, but the services received by users in the "library as a place" component has a significant difference with the minimum, and maximum expectations of users in society and the most significant gap in the level of sufficiency is seen in this component. In the "information control" component, the level of services users receive from the library is not significantly different from the level of minimum expectations of users. However, the difference is significant with the level of maximum expectations of users. Hence, paying attention to the variables that cause gaps and enhancing the quality of services obtained by library users may be a means of offering optimum and strategic services and achieving maximum productivity. 

Abstract Objective: The aim of this study was to investigate the thematic structure and production process and growth of articles extracted from master's theses in knowledge and information science of Iranian public universities.

Methodology:The present study has examined articles from the beginning to the first half of 1398 through homogeneous analysis. 1425 dissertations were retrieved by searching the dissertation sites. Through the search of researchers, the titles of dissertations in the databases of "Meg Iran", "Normagz", "Science Search Engine", "Humanities Database", "University Jihad Database" and "Google Scholar" were retrieved 623 articles. Excel and Rover Prim software were used to analyze the bibliographic information of the articles and to analyze the homogeneity of the topics of the articles and to unify the keywords. Out of a total of 394 keywords, 59 keywords with a minimum frequency of 5 were selected using the Bradford's law and inclusion threshold to construct the co-occurrence matrix. Then, the created matrix was converted to UCNET software format, and maps and the value of degree, proximity and intermediate degree indicators were drawn and calculated through the software plugin, ie NetDraw

Findings: Findings showed that according to the indicators of intermediate centrality and rank, the highest value belongs to the topics of "academic libraries", "librarians", "knowledge management" and "scientometrics". Also, according to the Centrality of Proximity Index, the topics of "librarians", "academic libraries", "information literacy" and "knowledge management" have the most impact on the network. The growth trend reached its highest level in 1994 and 1995. Ferdowsi University of Mashhad with 100 titles and Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz with 83 titles have the first and second ranks of nuclear universities among the universities that publish articles, respectively.

Conclusion: The greater focus of dissertation papers on scientometrics, knowledge management, librarians, information literacy, and academic libraries indicates the importance of these topics in postgraduate research.

Abstract Background and Objectives:  Part of human communication is image-dependent, and since articles in the field of art are often image-oriented, the purpose of this article is mainly to identify and introduce methods of analyzing articles in this field in order to be aware of the types of analysis of these articles under two quantitative approaches. It is qualitative. The problem of this research is what are the methodological changes of Iranian scientific and artistic journals based on past researches in the study community under the structural criteria of different journals and finally how to analyze questions such as the findings of most articles based on research approaches in this field? And what is the approach and predominance of data processing based on the approaches of art research? answers. Regarding the background of this research, we can refer to the research of "GR Valin and Wakari" in 2020, which analyzed the research in Library and Information Science (LIS) and 1. Status of LIS research in 2015 and 2. Reported the evolution of LIS research from 1965 to 2015, he noted. The closest article to the subject of research is an article entitled "Descriptive study of comparative articles in the Journal of Fine Arts - Visual Arts (formerly Fine Arts) from 2011 to 2017" by Fizabi et al.
Methodology: The present study, has a quantitative approach, the results of which are presented using the content analysis method. The statistical population includes articles published in 11 scientific journals in the field of art in 2009. In the review process, 291 articles were retrieved and data related to the methodology section were extracted from the original text of the articles and uploaded in Excel software and analyzed using scientometric methods.
Findings: Findings of this study showed that the dominant approach of the articles in the study population was qualitative and then the most, the research approach was quantitative and combined. Also, data analysis in a descriptive-analytical manner with a significant difference was used more than other types of analysis and then the comparative method with a significant difference in the next order. After these two cases, historical analysis is the most widely used type of analysis. The method of inductive analysis is graphic, followed by semiotics, intertextuality, interpretive and iconology, and then the methods of analysis of research in the field of art. The growth of comparative research shown in this study is consistent with the results of Fizabi et al. (2009). The method of data analysis in quantitative research has been survey-based and in the combined approach, most types of comparative, descriptive and analytical analysis have been survey-based. Collecting data from art researchers is often done in three library methods, respectively; Hybrid method; Field - It is a library and field that the library method has been used more with other differences than other methods. In qualitative research, most of the data collection was library method and in quantitative approach, the data was more field. Also in the hybrid approach, the data were often a combination of the hybrid method and then the library and field. The average number of authors per article was 2.1 and the number of male authors was higher than female authors. The predominant academic rank of the authors in the study population was assistant professor and the authors were in the next ranks with the academic rank of associate professor, master, which is consistent with the research of Fizabi et al. (2009). Also, the most group participation in art research has been two-person research.
Discussion: Based on what was found in the findings of this article, despite the fact that many articles in the field of art have different thematic approaches and in different contexts, but a significant part of these articles (up to 45%), their types of analysis are descriptive and analytical. However, the types of this analysis are often in the field of qualitative research approaches and the qualitative approach is mainly research-oriented; It seems that due to the visual nature of most art articles, the variety of types of analysis can make the results of this research more accurate and limit the authors' tastes in drawing conclusions.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Researchers benefit from each other's ideas, thoughts and speech more through writings. The purpose of this research is to review, analyze and criticize the sources of documented Recorded of knowledge history to help research on this issue.
Methodology: This research is a kind of qualitative research in which the library method and critical analysis are used.
Findings: Historical studies in library and information science can be counted mainly in these few categories. 1- Recorded knowledge including all types of documents such as books, dissertations, periodicals, research projects, audio tapes, Video tapes, multimedia files in linear, printed and electronic form. 2- Libraries, institutions and organizations active in relation to Recorded knowledge. 3- Library and Information science, such as librarianship, information, education, research, theoretical aspects, branches and subfields, concepts and vocabulary, and related scientific organizations. 4- The profession of librarianship and information, including the profession of librarianship and information, librarians and its professional organizations (Rahadost, 2016). Recorded knowledge, as the main subject of library and information science, has received many historical studies. Identifying, analyzing and criticizing the different aspects of these scattered studies among historical texts will guide the researchers to the single subject of the Recorded knowledge history. Historical sources of Recorded knowledge include: history of writing and books, history of information, history of information technology, Historiography and Recorded knowledge, history of printing and publishing, history of publications, history of translation, historiography and history of study. Calligraphy is the main source of Recorded knowledge and the book is the first type of it. The history of recorded knowledge has been considered as the history of books and literature since the distant past. Books and writing started from the East and Mesopotamian civilizations and reached its peak in the West, and its history was noted. Publications, theses, research projects, scientific and literary conferences, etc. are also very important in their place. Today, the most recent and most scientific achievements are found in magazine articles and conferences, and their historical review is of particular importance. Translation is one of the ways to spread and transfer Recorded knowledge, which widens the narrow circle of those who know a language. The history of translation has been of interest to researchers for a long time and there are many works on this subject in Iran, which are mostly about the Qajar period, and it is worthy that the translation from the ancient period and the contemporary period should be considered.  Information history includes all types of information. But in most cases it has been used instead of recorded knowledge history. This issue is sometimes due to the authors' inattention, but it is more related to the importance of the recorded knowledge history, which has caused the general topic to be used to name a more detailed topic. In Iran, the aspects other than the Recorded knowledge of the history of information have rarely been paid attention to. Technology, especially information technology, has a long history. The range of information technologies includes writing, writing instruments, paper, printing, computer hardware, computer software, computer memory, computer networks, graphics, multimedia, and more. The use of images in recorded knowledge has been one of the important technologies of recording and recording knowledge since the emergence of writing and even before that, and there is a place to deal with the history of graphics and images in historical research. Today, images, graphics, and moving images play an important role in Recorded knowledge. Many historical works have boldly expressed the role of technology. But the fact is that these technologies should always be used for a purpose and as a tool that records Recorded knowledge and should not be superior to the content and content of knowledge. Some researches examine the quantity and quality of Recorded knowledge production such as the production of books and other documents and printed and non-printed media, they are mostly based on statistics and sometimes they also analyze factors and topics. Of course, the quantity, quality, and priority of the subject indicate the political, cultural, social, and economic conditions at the time and place of the research.
Discussion: Review or historiographical of Recorded knowledge history has not been done before in Iran. With the emergence of historical works about information, Recorded knowledge, Library and information science, professions and institutions related to Library and information, the need to review and analyze these texts is also obvious. The history of libraries has received more attention, but it alone cannot fill the place of historical subjects in Library and information science. In the history of Recorded knowledge, some topics have been neglected and received less attention. The historical study of reading is one of the neglected topics. The history of study can examine the individual and social effects of study and the effect of study and reading on individual and social developments. About the history of thesis writing among millions of print, non-print and electronic sources, we do not come across many results. The history of the entry, production and use of compact discs in Iran's Recorded knowledge also does not have many sources.

Abstract Background and Objectives: A public library is a non-profit library, which is maintained for public use and funded by the government or the public sources. Unlike other libraries, public library satisfies general public information needs by providing all kinds of knowledge and information available to all segments of the community regardless of race, nationality, age, gender, religion, language, disability, economic and employment status. It may also provide other services to their communities such as, storytelling for children, after-school programs, language learning, seminars, workshops and other community services. One of the benefits of this research is to offer proposed solutions and lay the groundwork for developing a model for playing a strategic role of public libraries in geopolitics of information as a tool to measure the performance of libraries in this regard and the results can be used in public libraries and other relevant trustees, so, the main purpose of this study is to analyze the strategic role of the public libraries in the Iran Geopolitics of Information This is an applied research with a mixed method (qualitative-quantitative) approach.
Methodology: To collect qualitative information, a semi-structured interview has been used. In the quantitative part, a researcher-made questionnaire Based on the result of the qualitative part, has been used. The statistical population of the research in the qualitative section includes 13 experts and university professors who were selected by a purposeful method based on criteria and has been analyzed using qualitative content analysis method. The findings of quantitative part has been analyzed using factor analysis. The population of the quantitative part, included the head managers and deputies of the general administrations of the Iran's public libraries (70 people) and the librarians of the provinces that have main and central public libraries from five clusters of north, south, east, west and center of Iran, including 10 provinces & 160 librarians. 201 complete questionnaires were received.
Findings: Findings shows that, libraries have an implicitly role in strengthening cultural identity and increasing public awareness, especially in terms of strengthening Iranian-Islamic identity, as one of the three main components of geopolitics, but this role is not designed for a specific mission and It is also not clearly explained in upstream documents. Also, based on the findings, the centralized resources acquisition by the Iran Public Libraries Foundation for all public libraries in an integrated manner that there is not any clear role of users need in the selection process is inconsistent with the Free-Flow of Information approach.
Discussion: Centralized system of providing resources and public libraries materials, i.e. centralized purchase and distribution of resources by the public libraries of the country to all public libraries in Iran in an integrated way that users do not have an obvious and effective role in the selection process, is somewhat inconsistent with the definitions of free flow of information. Preserving and strengthening identity is one of the basic components in geopolitical issues. Information is considered as the main source of power. Governments have focused mainly on identity to develop their boundaries of geopolitics of information. Obviously, in order to prevent cultural interference and the infiltration of foreign identities in order to change the behavior and culture of a society and make it more consumer-oriented, people should to be well aware of their national identity and thus power as Soft defense power. Public libraries are one of the most important general databases, which can strengthen the soft defense infrastructure by disseminating information about the identity and national values of a community by raising public awareness. Therefore, national policymakers should consider the role of public libraries as a public discourse space in transmitting culture and information and a base for strengthening the power of soft defense, training and explaining the specific role for librarians, developing technological infrastructure of libraries, providing resources based on local needs and the audience needs, continuous and purposeful monitoring of activities and increasing the number of service recipients from public libraries. In order to achieve these goals, it is necessary to consider a few basic points: First, due to the geographical dispersion of public libraries in Iran, it is necessary for more people to use the services of libraries. To achieve this goal, a comprehensive audience attraction program is needed. Design and implement public libraries in a purposeful and mission-oriented manner. It's also necessary for librarians to receive targeted and necessary training to provide appropriate counseling and guidance services so that they'll can, in addition to general librarianship services, perform their duties as advisors to guide users in the right direction. The third important point is to pay attention to the information resource system required by libraries, in which the diversity of ethnic and cultural needs should be considered in order to gain more power through the saturation of cultural information in the community memory.

Abstract Background and Objectives:  Addressing knowledge management and organizational wisdom in the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Lorestan Province is very important and necessary. Because it helps to transform the potential knowledge and awareness of experienced employees into actual knowledge through communication with clients (farmers in the region), which in addition to continuously increasing the quality of products, the efficiency of the organization will also have an upward trend. The constant presence of various ranges of valuable and specialized human resources in various fields and disciplines, as well as the flow of experiences and types of knowledge in this huge and extensive organization, doubles the necessity of creating a suitable model of knowledge management to benefit from these exceptional advantages. This study is a qualitative research, based on the grounded theory approach, aiming at designing a model of organizational wisdom from knowledge management point of view. Methodology: This research is an exploratory-applied research in terms of its applied purpose and the method of collecting descriptive information. This research is fundamental in that it seeks to discover fundamental principles and scientific laws, or to identify empirical relationships, or to gain awareness, or to add to new general knowledge, without considering its value in practice or seeking to discover new knowledge. The study population of the research was the employees of the Agricultural Jihad Organization of Lorestan Province, which includes senior managers, deputies, experts, and employees. In this study, a combination of the above was used for sampling. Thus, first, the available samples were studied, and with the cooperation of the participants and the use of snowball sampling, subsequent samples were purposefully selected and studied until theoretical saturation. To collect data, semi-structured interviews were conducted with members of the said community to answer the research questions. Individual interviews with selected individuals continued until data saturation, which was 25 people. The duration of each interview was between 40 and 75 minutes, and the interviewed experts who have the greatest influence on decision-making in the creation of wisdom covered the theoretical saturation of the research. Findings: Data analysis with a systematic approach is the foundation of data theory. In this research, in order to analyze the obtained data, a semi-structured interview method with a three-step process of open coding, central coding and selective coding was used. According to this approach, in the open coding stage, the expressions extracted from the interviews, which are specific to the area of the Agricultural Jihad Department of Lorestan province, are summarized in 119 main codes and 19 categories. Validation of the research was done using four criteria of credibility, transferability, dependability and confirmability. This research presents a model that classifies the effective factors, barriers and intervening factors, and the consequences of creating organizational wisdom, taking into account knowledge management, into five core categories. Discussion: Identifying these factors and obstacles helps the organization to make decisions regarding the creation of wisdom, so that while recognizing these factors and limitations, it takes steps in the direction of creating wisdom. Organizational wisdom is also an important factor that affects the self-awareness and control of the emotions of the members of the organization. The presented paradigmatic model shows the factors and barriers facing wisdom creation, the content, intervention and outcome factors, taking into account knowledge management, in relation to each other in the organization, which can be studied to examine the existing situation.

Abstract Background and Objectives: Knowledge application describes the practical use of knowledge that has been created, absorbed, and put into the knowledge management cycle. An important factor in knowledge management is knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing in higher education institutions is a very important process. Universities play a significant role in the progress of societies by producing, storing, and disseminating knowledge through innovative and applied research. Academics, as agents of knowledge production and dissemination in society, must have the necessary motivation to share knowledge. Motivation is crucial for all knowledge-based work. Knowledge sharing is the core of innovation in universities and higher education institutions, as knowledge is shared specifically to improve organizational performance. Since knowledge sharing is voluntary, the process depends on the willingness of the individuals involved and involves active communication, dialogue with colleagues, and effective collaboration. Universities should seek ways to transfer knowledge from experts to non-experts in a timely manner. The process of knowledge transfer and knowledge sharing requires executive support to motivate employees. Knowledge sharing allows universities and higher education institutions to exploit knowledge-based assets. Universities and higher education institutions in developing countries such as Iran should prioritize knowledge sharing. Knowledge sharing preserves the knowledge of experienced academics and utilizes it. Therefore, knowledge sharing will be a vital part of the university's overall mission to advance the goals of society. Therefore, it is necessary to comprehensively identify the factors affecting knowledge sharing and analyze the levels of influence and impact of the identified variables in order to create a suitable context for strengthening knowledge management in universities. Accordingly, the present study has examined the factors affecting knowledge sharing among staff and academic members of Payam Noor University in order to answer the question in a theoretical dimension: what does knowledge sharing mean in universities and what factors affect it? And in a methodological dimension, it will answer the question: what are the cause-effect relationships and levels of influence and impact of factors affecting knowledge sharing among staff and academic members of universities? Methodology: Considering the main objective of this research, which is to explain the factors affecting knowledge sharing in universities, the present research is an applied research in terms of purpose and an exploratory research in terms of method. The statistical population of the research includes the faculty members of Payam Noor University. Using judgmental (purposive) sampling, 19 knowledgeable and opinionated experts in the field of knowledge management were selected as members of the expert panel with the following criteria: having sufficient expertise and experience, and deep knowledge of the research topic. The data collection method in this research is divided into two categories: library and field (questionnaire). In the library section, the results of previous research were studied. In this study, 15 indicators (including: self-efficacy, management support, reward system, university macro policies, intra-organizational relations, software infrastructure, hardware infrastructure, personal interaction, participatory management, trust, personal expectations, use of social media, willingness to share knowledge, knowledge workers, knowledge culture) were identified in three factors: individual, organizational, and technology. In the second stage, these indicators were evaluated using the fuzzy Delphi method. In the third part of the research, the structural-interpretive modeling technique was used to identify and design the pattern of relationships between the indicators. Findings: Based on the results, the variables of self-efficacy, managerial support, reward system, university macro policies, software infrastructure, hardware infrastructure, personal interaction, trust, personal expectations, use of social media, knowledge sharing tendency, knowledge staff, and knowledge-based culture Introduced as effective factors on knowledge sharing in Payame Noor University. The results indicate that macro-university policies, managerial support, and knowledge-based culture are the most influential factors. Self-efficacy and knowledge staff variables are the most influential factors identified in this study Discussion: So far, no similar research has examined the internal and external relations, determining the levels of influence and effectiveness of the effective factors in knowledge sharing in the university, and the present study is innovative in this regard.

Abstract Abstract Background and Objectives: Mental disorders associated with insomnia, depression and anxiety are common in the community and the workplace. Many studies have found a close link between mental health and job satisfaction. Many organizations emphasize importance of personnel as their most important asset. Advances and development of psychology science in recent decades, especially in health and job satisfaction among personnel of organizations, have had an important and effective contribution. of course, the satisfaction of the organization's stakeholders is of particular importance. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between job satisfaction and mental health of female employees of public libraries in Hamadan province. Methodology:The present study was descriptive-survey, in which the researcher tried to identify predictors related to mental health in employees of public libraries of Hamadan province by correlation method. This study was performed on 187 employees of public libraries in Hamadan province by census method. Data collection tools included Job Satisfaction Questionnaire by War et al. (1979) and Goldberg et al. (1979) Psychological Health Questionnaire. Their validity was tested through convergent validity testing, while their reliability was confirmed by calculating Cronbach’s alpha. Data were analyzed using SPSS software version 21, and research hypotheses were examined step by step using Pearson correlation matrix and regression tests.  Findings: The results showed that all relationships were significant. Based on the results, between the two variables of job satisfaction and mental health (r = -0.44) at the level of 0.01 is significant, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between these two variables in employees of public libraries in Hamadan province. There is a significant inverse, and this inverse relationship is significant between its subscales (payroll system, job type, development opportunities, organizational climate, leadership style, and physical condition) and employee mental health. In other words, the higher these variables in the staff of public libraries in Hamadan province, the less their psychological problems (physical symptoms, anxiety, social dysfunction and depression) will be, and vice versa. Therefore, the hypothesis is confirmed. Among the six subscales of job satisfaction (payroll system, job type, career opportunities, organizational climate, leadership style and physical condition), two variables of payroll system and leadership style were more able to predict employee mental health changes, i.e., with more power. Based on these variables, the mental health of employees of public libraries in Hamadan province can be predicted. Therefore, by emphasizing job satisfaction and individual differences in the work environment, employees can improve their mental health and help the growth and development of society. Discussion: Based on the findings, the level of job satisfaction of employees from their work environment can be related to their mental health. Job satisfaction refers to a person's overall attitude toward his or her job, whether it is a situation in which people are satisfied with their job or other related circumstances, or a level of positive feelings and attitudes that people have about their job. Job satisfaction is a set of feelings and beliefs that people have about their current jobs. In this study, it was found that variables such as payment system and leadership style of managers in departments and organizations can greatly predict the mental health of employees. It seems that material problems and concerns and managers' attention to meeting these needs in their employees can reduce their psychological damage and create the ground for the growth and development of the organization and increase productivity. Also, leadership style based on respect, acceptance and value can greatly improve the mental health of employees in the workplace. Therefore, considering that job satisfaction has an important role in employees 'mental health, and without a doubt, employees' satisfaction with their job will increase their efficiency, customer satisfaction with the organization and increase production and productivity of the organization, which will undoubtedly result in organizational success. And the satisfaction of the employees of this department has an important role in attracting people to libraries and promoting the culture of reading and promoting the literacy of individuals. The prevalence of psychiatric morbidity in the workplace is high. The severity of psychological distress is negatively associated with job satisfaction. Early detection of psychiatric morbidity through self-administered screening questionnaires, as well as implementation of organizational mental-health promotion programs, is recommended to improve employees’ mental health and job satisfaction.

Abstract Abstract
Background and Objectives: The major aim of current research was "to identify the correlation between the state of the philosophic mindedness and the accuracy of their retrieval in selected information databases include Scopus, ProQuest, Science Direct, and Sege and Web of Knowledge Databases. Present research also seeks to answer the following questions:
1.   What is the average philosophic mindedness of the researchers?
2.   What is the average of users' retrieval accuracy from the databases under investigation?
3.   Which of the demographic features of the statistical society has a crucial linkage with the psychological mindedness?
4.   Which of the demographic features of the statistical society has a crucial linkage with the users’ retrieval accuracy from the databases under investigation?
Ultimately, the research hypothesis that "there is a significant correlation between the philosophic subjectivity of the statistical society and their recovery accuracy" will be examined.
Methodology: The research method utilized here was semi-experimental. Participants of present survey were 42 researchers in different fields of science (humanities, medical sciences, engineering sciences, arts and basic sciences) in public universities in Tehran, who were chosen on the basis of targeted sampling of the research. In this study, it was endeavored to select factors such as lack of familiarity with search strategies, lack of knowledge of English, and the lack of knowledge of the English language by selecting students to write master's degree dissertation or doctoral theses and autonomous researchers with a master's degree or doctorate in order control the factors so that they will not affect the research outcomes. The Soltani’s philosophic Concept (1996) was utilized to measure the status of the philosophic mindedness of the statistical society. Different studies have been carried out on its validity and reliability. Cronbach's alpha was reported to be 0.91.  To elaborate upon the outcomes received from the research data, the mean and standard deviations were deployed for data analysis and Chi-square, Kolmogorov-Smirnov, ANOVA, T-test and Pearson correlation were used to analyze the relationship between variables.
 Findings: The analysis of the characteristics of the philosophic mindedness of the statistical society is indicative that the category of "good and pleasant philosophic mindedness" is most frequent with 21 people, as well as the category of "philosophic mindedness" with three (7.1%) was the least frequent among the participants. In other words, the users enjoyed the "philosophic mindedness". According to the statistical analysis, Scopus's database has retrieved the most r and semi-relevant resources and the Science Direct database has retrieved the least pertinent, semi-related resources. Thus, the Scopus, Sage, ProQuest, Web of knowledge and Science Directories databases have the highest accuracy or precision in data retrieval from the researchers’ point of view. Based on the results of the statistical analysis, the relationship between the philosophic mindedness and the demographic features of the statistical society, there is a significant relationship between the philosophic mindedness of the users and their gender. The analysis also indicated that there is a strong relationship between the accuracy of the retrieval of the statistical sample of the outcomes retrieved in the scientific research databases and their marital status. Moreover, between the accuracy of the retrieval of the statistical sample of the outcomes in all studied bases and their last degree of education is significant, and with increased education, researchers retrieve and find more relevant sources from the databases. The analysis reveals that there is a positive and significant correlation with the reliability of 99% and the level of error less than 0.01 between the variables of the philosophic mindedness of users and the accuracy of their recovery of the results retrieved from the scientific databases. Besides, the intensity of the relationship of all bases with the philosophic mindedness at the strongest level is almost the same which signifies that by raising the philosophic subjectivity of the statistical sample, they will assess the resources with a higher concentration and decision-making power which ultimately will lead to a better retrieval accuracy in the selection of related resources.
Discussion:    The results received from current study resembles to the outcomes of the study on the impact of the philosophic mindedness of people on facilitating decision-making. Researches have reported that individuals with a high philosophic mindedness have the right decision-making power and have a high ability to handle and run all affairs. The previous findings also signify that people with a high philosophic mindedness make good decisions to promote their performance. Related judgments in data retrieval from search engines are a kind of decision-making process in the research process that has a direct impact on the philosophic mindedness of users so people with a high philosophic mindedness have better recovery. Based on the results, there is a positive and significant relationship between the accuracy of data retrieval from scientific databases and marital status. These outcomes are in line with the findings of the research. In previous studies, there are also individual, psychological, emotional, and demographic factors of the statistical sample such as gender, age, marital status, education, and occupation of the statistical sample had a positive and significant relationship with the accuracy of data retrieval from the databases.

Abstract Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study was to explain and design the university librarian's competency model and its impact on improving the performance of libraries. In order to achieve this goal, the debate of the role of library competencies based on the four standards of competence of libraries (technical, team and interpersonal skills, leadership and management, and librarians), will improve their performance which directly affects the vital activities of these libraries. So, it can be said that by rationally investing in this sector and moving from coherent competency models and considering appropriate competency mechanisms, the benefits of improving performance, a clear reflection of expectations for roles, providing conjunct and authoritative information for human resource planning in libraries, connecting and coordination of development activities in libraries with its strategies, increased librarians' motivation, Improving and developing capabilities by providing specific recommendations, supporting and strengthening supervisors relationships with subordinates by quantifying  of performance management, targeting human resource management activities or libraries, and providing a common framework and language in the organization to implement employee development talent development strategies Libraries will benefit and this will not happen. Unless by exploring and recognizing the requirements of the competencies of the libraries and the suitable implementation of competency assessment and the development of optimal utilization of libraries by identifying the potential and actual capabilities of their staff. Methodology: This research is applied in terms of its purpose and data collection is survey-analytical, and analytical is correlative methods. The statistical population of the study consisted of 43 employees of the Central Library of Islamic Azad Universities of the region who were surveyed. The sampling method was a census type. The data collection tool in this study is a questionnaire. To assess the competency variable, 37 statement for the competence of Iranian Tabibian and Fahimeh Babalhavaeji (2014) libraries were used. For the quality of performance variable, the questionnaire of 18 Statements of Shandy and others (2013) has been used. Considering the Cronbach's alpha and the reliability of the combination, which is greater than 0.7 in all research components. Therefore, the reliability of the research questionnaire is confirmed. Also, the AVE value of all research indicators is higher than the value of 0.5, the convergent validity of the questionnaire is acceptable, considering that the extracted mean square variance for each variable is greater than the correlation of that variable with other variables, therefore the diagnostic validity of the research questionnaire is also confirmed. Data analysis was performed using SPSS-22 software and Structural Equation Modeling software based on Smart-PLS software.  Findings: The average for competency of the affiliated libraries is 4.04. The highest mean of competency is related to the managerial competency and leadership (4.06). The lowest average of the technical competence component is 3.9. Also, the results of one-sample t-test showed that there is a significant difference between the expected level (2.5) and its competency and its components and the mean level obtained in all cases. Data from the evaluation of the current status of quality of performance in libraries also indicated that the average status of quality of performance in libraries was higher than the expected average (2.5), (3.86). A single-sample t-student test also showed a significant difference between the expected mean and the mean calculated (significance level of 0.05). Also, the significant results of the bivariate regression analysis of librarian competence assessment and performance improvement showed that 50.3% of the changes in performance improvement can be explained and evaluated by assessing the competence of libraries. The value of t statistic for the significance of the variable regression coefficient of librarian competence assessment is 17.096 and greater than the critical value of 1.96, which shows the effect of the librarian competency assessment variable on performance improvement in libraries. Finally, a meaningful statistic exists between the competency components of libraries and performance improvement in all cases larger than the value (1.96) and indicating that the relationship between all competency and performance improvement is significant. Regarding the path coefficients and the positivity of the effect of variables on each other, it is concluded there is a direct relationship of evaluating competency components with functional improvement in the library. Discussion:    Data analysis showed that the improvement of libraries 'performance is influenced by their competency assessment model so that by increasing the level of competency in all dimensions, libraries' performance and, therefore, the quality of their services will improve. Therefore, managers need to have an active and dynamic library to provide high-quality services that such high-quality services need to utilize competency in the fields of the technical, team and interpersonal, managerial and librarians. Therefore, in order to maintain a meaningful relationship between explaining the competency of libraries (and its components) and improving the performance of the affiliated libraries, the results of this study are confirmed, the librarian's requirements in this regard should be as follows Be prepared to increase the quality of the services provided. It is necessary to institutionalize the promotion of technical, managerial, team and interpersonal competencies and librarians in libraries.

Abstract Background and Objectives:User experience researches defined as study users’ perceptions and interactions of anticipated or intended use of a product, system, or service. Therefore, study these experiences are very important and can lead to value creation for information system stakeholders. The present study seeks to clarify deficiencies and difficulties experienced by users in interacting with the most important Digital Libraries (DLs) in Iran. Furthermore, demands and expectations of users also investigated in this research.
Methodology:The research conducted in a qualitative approach with content analysis method using MaxQDA V. 10 to investigate the experiences of 37 users of Papirus, Pars Azarakhsh and Sana DLs. In this study, the difficulties or deficiencies and demands or expectations of users considered in relation with their Hierarchical Value Map (HVM). The sample of the study selected by snowball sampling method. Credibility of the research verified with member checking and peer debriefing methods. Finally, the content of the interview analyzed in order to identify the main concepts and related thematic categories.
Findings:Customers and their knowledge considered as one of the most important organizational assets and an essential element of competitive advantage. In fact, this knowledge gained from within and outside the organization is the core capital and critical value. This is important because the customers and their knowledge considered as one of the most important organizational assets and an essential element of competitive advantage. Customer knowledge gained from their experience in the process of using a product or service. There are variety of approaches to elicit the experience and knowledge of the customers or stakeholders which analysis of cognitive structure is one of these approaches deeply deals with the experience and knowledge of individuals. Cognitive structure encompasses users’ emotions, mental images, views, beliefs and values in using a product or service. In this research Means-End Theory (MET) applied which is rarely used in information systems.
Discussion: Findings showed that the most important undesirable experiences of interacting with the DLs summarized in several dimensions: resource retrieval, display of search results, and process in searching the resources. In addition, displaying search results and search capabilities, additional features and services, linking resources to libraries were among the most important favorable experiences that users expected from DLs. The relationship between deficiencies and expectations depicted in HVM. Their values were correct selection, retrieval, and access to the full text information resources. The results of this study showed that this part of the user experience should considered by the designers of DLs in order to better design of these systems to provide more value to all stakeholders.

Abstract Abstract                                                      
Background and Objectives: Commercialization of research is a process that transforms the knowledge produced in universities and research institutes into marketable products or services. Given its importance in higher education, commercialization of research has recently attracted the attention of policymakers in Iran. This study was thus intended to design effective strategies for commercialization of research in Iranian research institutes by identifying the drivers and barriers to its implementation. Moreover, it was attempted to formulate the commercialization strategies for the Iranian Research Institute for Information Science and Technology (IranDoc) based on the identified drivers and barriers.
Methodology: Based on the data of interviews with 30 IranDoc experts, the drivers and barriers to commercialization in Iranian research institutes were identified and then categorized into internal factors (i.e., strengths and weaknesses) and external factors (i.e., opportunities and threats) using the definitions of strength (S), weakness (W), opportunity (O) and threat (T). In order to complete the list of factors, the researchers asked the IranDoc experts to comment on the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of commercialization in IranDoc using a questionnaire. Afterwards, SWOT matrix was used to formulate appropriate strategies for IranDoc.
Findings: Based on the findings, four strategy groups including defensive strategies (WT), competitive strategies (ST), conservative strategies (WO), and aggressive strategies (SO) were identified for the implementation of commercialization in IranDoc. Besides, the analysis of the internal-external factor evaluation (IE) matrix revealed that WT group strategies and ST group strategies were the first and second priorities for the commercialization of research findings in IranDoc, respectively. It is thus recommended that IranDoc apply defensive strategies (WT) in order to decrease the weaknesses and avoid the threats (WT) of commercialization of research findings. These strategies include conducting joint research and development projects, empowering researchers, managing knowledge flow, increasing the motivation of researchers to commercialize their research findings, and also attracting support from the industry sector and other organizations.
Discussion: In order to formulate an effective strategy for commercialization of research findings, it is imperative that the experts and policymakers gain an accurate understanding of the important factors (i.e., drivers and barriers) for research commercialization in research institutes. It is thus suggested that the commercialization strategies of IranDoc be developed based on the list of identified drivers and barriers to research commercialization in Iran. It is hoped that the formulated research commercialization strategies for IranDoc contribute to the commercialization of research products in other similar research centers in Iran.